Fully Inkjet-Printed Flexible Graphene–Prussian Blue Platform for Electrochemical Biosensing
Prussian Blue (PB) is commonly incorporated into screen-printed enzymatic devices since it enables the determination of the enzymatically produced hydrogen peroxide at low potentials. Inkjet printing is gaining popularity in the development of electrochemical sensors as a substitute for screen print...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/1/28 |
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| author | Željka Boček Marko Zubak Petar Kassal |
| author_facet | Željka Boček Marko Zubak Petar Kassal |
| author_sort | Željka Boček |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Prussian Blue (PB) is commonly incorporated into screen-printed enzymatic devices since it enables the determination of the enzymatically produced hydrogen peroxide at low potentials. Inkjet printing is gaining popularity in the development of electrochemical sensors as a substitute for screen printing. This work presents a fully inkjet-printed graphene–Prussian Blue platform, which can be paired with oxidase enzymes to prepare a biosensor of choice. The graphene electrode was inkjet-printed on a flexible polyimide substrate and then thermally and photonically treated with intense pulsed light, followed by inkjet printing of a PB nanoparticle suspension. The optimization of post-printing treatment and electrode deposition conditions was performed to yield a platform with minimal sheet resistance and peak potential differences. A thorough study of PB deposition was conducted: the fully inkjet-printed system was compared against sensors with PB deposited chemically or by drop casting the PB suspension on different kinds of carbon electrodes (glassy carbon, commercial screen-printed, and in-house inkjet-printed electrodes). For hydrogen peroxide detection, the fully inkjet-printed platform exhibits excellent sensitivity, a wider linear range, better linearity, and greater stability towards higher concentrations of peroxide than the other tested electrodes. Finally, lactate oxidase was immobilized in a chitosan matrix, and the prepared biosensor exhibited analytical performance comparable to other lactate sensors found in the literature in a wide, physiologically relevant linear range for measuring lactate concentration in sweat. The development of mediator-modified electrodes with a single fabrication technology, as demonstrated here, paves the way for the scalable production of low-cost, wearable, and flexible biosensors. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ccfe0ad55daa4935941297e60b8c8b96 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-ccfe0ad55daa4935941297e60b8c8b962025-01-24T13:25:28ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742025-01-011512810.3390/bios15010028Fully Inkjet-Printed Flexible Graphene–Prussian Blue Platform for Electrochemical BiosensingŽeljka Boček0Marko Zubak1Petar Kassal2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaUniversity of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaUniversity of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaPrussian Blue (PB) is commonly incorporated into screen-printed enzymatic devices since it enables the determination of the enzymatically produced hydrogen peroxide at low potentials. Inkjet printing is gaining popularity in the development of electrochemical sensors as a substitute for screen printing. This work presents a fully inkjet-printed graphene–Prussian Blue platform, which can be paired with oxidase enzymes to prepare a biosensor of choice. The graphene electrode was inkjet-printed on a flexible polyimide substrate and then thermally and photonically treated with intense pulsed light, followed by inkjet printing of a PB nanoparticle suspension. The optimization of post-printing treatment and electrode deposition conditions was performed to yield a platform with minimal sheet resistance and peak potential differences. A thorough study of PB deposition was conducted: the fully inkjet-printed system was compared against sensors with PB deposited chemically or by drop casting the PB suspension on different kinds of carbon electrodes (glassy carbon, commercial screen-printed, and in-house inkjet-printed electrodes). For hydrogen peroxide detection, the fully inkjet-printed platform exhibits excellent sensitivity, a wider linear range, better linearity, and greater stability towards higher concentrations of peroxide than the other tested electrodes. Finally, lactate oxidase was immobilized in a chitosan matrix, and the prepared biosensor exhibited analytical performance comparable to other lactate sensors found in the literature in a wide, physiologically relevant linear range for measuring lactate concentration in sweat. The development of mediator-modified electrodes with a single fabrication technology, as demonstrated here, paves the way for the scalable production of low-cost, wearable, and flexible biosensors.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/1/28Prussian Blueinkjet printingflexible biosensorintense pulsed lightenzymatic sensorlactate sensor |
| spellingShingle | Željka Boček Marko Zubak Petar Kassal Fully Inkjet-Printed Flexible Graphene–Prussian Blue Platform for Electrochemical Biosensing Biosensors Prussian Blue inkjet printing flexible biosensor intense pulsed light enzymatic sensor lactate sensor |
| title | Fully Inkjet-Printed Flexible Graphene–Prussian Blue Platform for Electrochemical Biosensing |
| title_full | Fully Inkjet-Printed Flexible Graphene–Prussian Blue Platform for Electrochemical Biosensing |
| title_fullStr | Fully Inkjet-Printed Flexible Graphene–Prussian Blue Platform for Electrochemical Biosensing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fully Inkjet-Printed Flexible Graphene–Prussian Blue Platform for Electrochemical Biosensing |
| title_short | Fully Inkjet-Printed Flexible Graphene–Prussian Blue Platform for Electrochemical Biosensing |
| title_sort | fully inkjet printed flexible graphene prussian blue platform for electrochemical biosensing |
| topic | Prussian Blue inkjet printing flexible biosensor intense pulsed light enzymatic sensor lactate sensor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/1/28 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zeljkabocek fullyinkjetprintedflexiblegrapheneprussianblueplatformforelectrochemicalbiosensing AT markozubak fullyinkjetprintedflexiblegrapheneprussianblueplatformforelectrochemicalbiosensing AT petarkassal fullyinkjetprintedflexiblegrapheneprussianblueplatformforelectrochemicalbiosensing |