The virgin lands campaign and the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax in the Republic of Kazakhstan (1955–1970)
The campaign for the development of virgin lands in Kazakhstan (1955–1970) was one of the most ambitious programs implemented by the Soviet government, which, arguably, resulted in both positive and negative consequences for the country. The campaign brought, at the same time, development, environme...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-06-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1549307/full |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850157759603933184 |
|---|---|
| author | Yersyn Y. Mukhanbetkaliyev Ablaikhan S. Kadyrov Maxat A. Berdikulov Aizada A. Mukhanbetkaliyeva Alimzhan S. Kadyrov Assylbek A. Zhanabayev Fedor I. Korennoy Andres M. Perez Sarsenbay K. Abdrakhmanov |
| author_facet | Yersyn Y. Mukhanbetkaliyev Ablaikhan S. Kadyrov Maxat A. Berdikulov Aizada A. Mukhanbetkaliyeva Alimzhan S. Kadyrov Assylbek A. Zhanabayev Fedor I. Korennoy Andres M. Perez Sarsenbay K. Abdrakhmanov |
| author_sort | Yersyn Y. Mukhanbetkaliyev |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The campaign for the development of virgin lands in Kazakhstan (1955–1970) was one of the most ambitious programs implemented by the Soviet government, which, arguably, resulted in both positive and negative consequences for the country. The campaign brought, at the same time, development, environmental degradation, and a dramatic cultural change to Kazakhstan. A barely explored aspect of the virgin lands campaign is related to its impact on the epidemiology of animal diseases. This paper describes, for the first time, the changes experienced by Kazakhstan during the implementation of the virgin lands campaign, offering a perspective on how those changes may have affected the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and anthrax. Newly organized livestock premises and processing plants were created, which increased the concentration and intensification of animal production, in the absence of effective disease control plans. The initial increase in FMD prevalence may have been explained by the concentration of susceptible animals in the absence of appropriate control measures, followed by a decrease in disease incidence, probably explained by the enhancement of control measures associated with the formalization of livestock production, including improvements in vaccine quality. In contrast, soil degradation and the increase in the number of livestock, which resulted in a large number of animals buried in inappropriate conditions, may explain the sustained increase in the incidence of anthrax. The results presented here help to document the history of animal diseases in the country and ultimately contribute to the design of holistic strategies to support Kazakhstan’s development. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cccdc8e64017461d8164ec930f5a82a2 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-cccdc8e64017461d8164ec930f5a82a22025-08-20T02:24:04ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692025-06-011210.3389/fvets.2025.15493071549307The virgin lands campaign and the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax in the Republic of Kazakhstan (1955–1970)Yersyn Y. Mukhanbetkaliyev0Ablaikhan S. Kadyrov1Maxat A. Berdikulov2Aizada A. Mukhanbetkaliyeva3Alimzhan S. Kadyrov4Assylbek A. Zhanabayev5Fedor I. Korennoy6Andres M. Perez7Sarsenbay K. Abdrakhmanov8Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, KazakhstanFaculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, KazakhstanRSE National Veterinary Reference Center, Astana, KazakhstanFaculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, KazakhstanFaculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, KazakhstanFaculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, KazakhstanFederal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir, RussiaCenter for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United StatesFaculty of Veterinary and Livestock Technology, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Astana, KazakhstanThe campaign for the development of virgin lands in Kazakhstan (1955–1970) was one of the most ambitious programs implemented by the Soviet government, which, arguably, resulted in both positive and negative consequences for the country. The campaign brought, at the same time, development, environmental degradation, and a dramatic cultural change to Kazakhstan. A barely explored aspect of the virgin lands campaign is related to its impact on the epidemiology of animal diseases. This paper describes, for the first time, the changes experienced by Kazakhstan during the implementation of the virgin lands campaign, offering a perspective on how those changes may have affected the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and anthrax. Newly organized livestock premises and processing plants were created, which increased the concentration and intensification of animal production, in the absence of effective disease control plans. The initial increase in FMD prevalence may have been explained by the concentration of susceptible animals in the absence of appropriate control measures, followed by a decrease in disease incidence, probably explained by the enhancement of control measures associated with the formalization of livestock production, including improvements in vaccine quality. In contrast, soil degradation and the increase in the number of livestock, which resulted in a large number of animals buried in inappropriate conditions, may explain the sustained increase in the incidence of anthrax. The results presented here help to document the history of animal diseases in the country and ultimately contribute to the design of holistic strategies to support Kazakhstan’s development.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1549307/fullfoot-and-mouth diseaseanthraxepidemiologyvirgin lands campaignKazakhstan |
| spellingShingle | Yersyn Y. Mukhanbetkaliyev Ablaikhan S. Kadyrov Maxat A. Berdikulov Aizada A. Mukhanbetkaliyeva Alimzhan S. Kadyrov Assylbek A. Zhanabayev Fedor I. Korennoy Andres M. Perez Sarsenbay K. Abdrakhmanov The virgin lands campaign and the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax in the Republic of Kazakhstan (1955–1970) Frontiers in Veterinary Science foot-and-mouth disease anthrax epidemiology virgin lands campaign Kazakhstan |
| title | The virgin lands campaign and the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax in the Republic of Kazakhstan (1955–1970) |
| title_full | The virgin lands campaign and the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax in the Republic of Kazakhstan (1955–1970) |
| title_fullStr | The virgin lands campaign and the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax in the Republic of Kazakhstan (1955–1970) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The virgin lands campaign and the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax in the Republic of Kazakhstan (1955–1970) |
| title_short | The virgin lands campaign and the occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax in the Republic of Kazakhstan (1955–1970) |
| title_sort | virgin lands campaign and the occurrence of foot and mouth disease and anthrax in the republic of kazakhstan 1955 1970 |
| topic | foot-and-mouth disease anthrax epidemiology virgin lands campaign Kazakhstan |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1549307/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yersynymukhanbetkaliyev thevirginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT ablaikhanskadyrov thevirginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT maxataberdikulov thevirginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT aizadaamukhanbetkaliyeva thevirginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT alimzhanskadyrov thevirginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT assylbekazhanabayev thevirginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT fedorikorennoy thevirginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT andresmperez thevirginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT sarsenbaykabdrakhmanov thevirginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT yersynymukhanbetkaliyev virginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT ablaikhanskadyrov virginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT maxataberdikulov virginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT aizadaamukhanbetkaliyeva virginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT alimzhanskadyrov virginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT assylbekazhanabayev virginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT fedorikorennoy virginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT andresmperez virginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 AT sarsenbaykabdrakhmanov virginlandscampaignandtheoccurrenceoffootandmouthdiseaseandanthraxintherepublicofkazakhstan19551970 |