The Role of Air Pollution Exposure and <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-Null Genotypes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Development: A Case–Control Study on Gene–Environment Interactions
As gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rises as a major public health concern, various factors have been identified as potential contributors, with air pollution drawing increasing attention. The mechanisms by which air pollutants lead to detrimental impacts are largely attributed to oxidative stres...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/652 |
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| author | Ana Susa Dragana Davidovic Nadja Nikolic Tamara Sljivancanin Jakovljevic Vera Kujundzic Sladjana Mihajlovic Ljiljana Bogdanovic |
| author_facet | Ana Susa Dragana Davidovic Nadja Nikolic Tamara Sljivancanin Jakovljevic Vera Kujundzic Sladjana Mihajlovic Ljiljana Bogdanovic |
| author_sort | Ana Susa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rises as a major public health concern, various factors have been identified as potential contributors, with air pollution drawing increasing attention. The mechanisms by which air pollutants lead to detrimental impacts are largely attributed to oxidative stress. However, the role of air pollution is still not entirely clarified, suggesting that additional factors, such as genetic variability, particularly of genes involved in redox homeostasis, influence the GDM risk. This study addresses three questions: (1) whether ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, and NO<sub>2</sub> exposures associate with GDM risk; (2) if <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-null genotypes affect the risk of GDM; and (3) whether these genotypes modify pollution–GDM associations. This case–control study comprised 133 women in the case group and 144 in the control group. Exposure to air pollutants was assessed based on the participants’ residential addresses and during different time windows: pre-pregnancy period, first trimester, and second trimester. <i>GSTM1/GSTT1</i> genotyping was conducted from blood samples. Higher PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, and O<sub>3</sub> levels increased GDM risk in women. While <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-null genotypes showed no overall link to GDM, non-smokers with <i>GSTM1</i>-null had higher GDM risk when exposed to PM<sub>2.5</sub> during the first trimester. While further research on gene–environment interactions is needed, our findings highlight that reducing air pollution may lower GDM risk. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ccc5673fcef04e04bcdf0c7158fa2f99 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-ccc5673fcef04e04bcdf0c7158fa2f992025-08-20T03:26:25ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212025-05-0114665210.3390/antiox14060652The Role of Air Pollution Exposure and <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-Null Genotypes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Development: A Case–Control Study on Gene–Environment InteractionsAna Susa0Dragana Davidovic1Nadja Nikolic2Tamara Sljivancanin Jakovljevic3Vera Kujundzic4Sladjana Mihajlovic5Ljiljana Bogdanovic6Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaImplant-Research Centre, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment of Neonatology, The Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic “Narodni Front”, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaUniversity Hospital “Dr Dragiša Mišović–Dedinje”, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaAs gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rises as a major public health concern, various factors have been identified as potential contributors, with air pollution drawing increasing attention. The mechanisms by which air pollutants lead to detrimental impacts are largely attributed to oxidative stress. However, the role of air pollution is still not entirely clarified, suggesting that additional factors, such as genetic variability, particularly of genes involved in redox homeostasis, influence the GDM risk. This study addresses three questions: (1) whether ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, and NO<sub>2</sub> exposures associate with GDM risk; (2) if <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-null genotypes affect the risk of GDM; and (3) whether these genotypes modify pollution–GDM associations. This case–control study comprised 133 women in the case group and 144 in the control group. Exposure to air pollutants was assessed based on the participants’ residential addresses and during different time windows: pre-pregnancy period, first trimester, and second trimester. <i>GSTM1/GSTT1</i> genotyping was conducted from blood samples. Higher PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, and O<sub>3</sub> levels increased GDM risk in women. While <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-null genotypes showed no overall link to GDM, non-smokers with <i>GSTM1</i>-null had higher GDM risk when exposed to PM<sub>2.5</sub> during the first trimester. While further research on gene–environment interactions is needed, our findings highlight that reducing air pollution may lower GDM risk.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/652gestational diabetes mellitusair pollutionglutathione transferaseparticulate matterozonegene–environment interaction |
| spellingShingle | Ana Susa Dragana Davidovic Nadja Nikolic Tamara Sljivancanin Jakovljevic Vera Kujundzic Sladjana Mihajlovic Ljiljana Bogdanovic The Role of Air Pollution Exposure and <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-Null Genotypes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Development: A Case–Control Study on Gene–Environment Interactions Antioxidants gestational diabetes mellitus air pollution glutathione transferase particulate matter ozone gene–environment interaction |
| title | The Role of Air Pollution Exposure and <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-Null Genotypes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Development: A Case–Control Study on Gene–Environment Interactions |
| title_full | The Role of Air Pollution Exposure and <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-Null Genotypes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Development: A Case–Control Study on Gene–Environment Interactions |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Air Pollution Exposure and <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-Null Genotypes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Development: A Case–Control Study on Gene–Environment Interactions |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Air Pollution Exposure and <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-Null Genotypes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Development: A Case–Control Study on Gene–Environment Interactions |
| title_short | The Role of Air Pollution Exposure and <i>GSTM1-/GSTT1</i>-Null Genotypes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Development: A Case–Control Study on Gene–Environment Interactions |
| title_sort | role of air pollution exposure and i gstm1 gstt1 i null genotypes in gestational diabetes mellitus development a case control study on gene environment interactions |
| topic | gestational diabetes mellitus air pollution glutathione transferase particulate matter ozone gene–environment interaction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/652 |
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