Prediction of Turfgrass Quality Using Multispectral UAV Imagery and Ordinal Forests: Validation Using a Fuzzy Approach
Protocols to evaluate turfgrass quality rely on visual ratings that, depending on the rater’s expertise, can be subjective and susceptible to positive and negative drifts. We developed seasonal (spring, summer and fall) as well as inter-seasonal machine learning predictive models of turfgrass qualit...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/11/2575 |
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| author | Alexander Hernandez Shaun Bushman Paul Johnson Matthew D. Robbins Kaden Patten |
| author_facet | Alexander Hernandez Shaun Bushman Paul Johnson Matthew D. Robbins Kaden Patten |
| author_sort | Alexander Hernandez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Protocols to evaluate turfgrass quality rely on visual ratings that, depending on the rater’s expertise, can be subjective and susceptible to positive and negative drifts. We developed seasonal (spring, summer and fall) as well as inter-seasonal machine learning predictive models of turfgrass quality using multispectral and thermal imagery collected using unmanned aerial vehicles for two years as a proof-of-concept. We chose ordinal regression to develop the models instead of conventional classification to account for the ranked nature of the turfgrass quality assessments. We implemented a fuzzy correction of the resulting confusion matrices to ameliorate the probable drift of the field-based visual ratings. The best seasonal predictions were rendered by the fall (multi-class AUC: 0.774, original kappa 0.139, corrected kappa: 0.707) model. However, the best overall predictions were obtained when observation across seasons and years were used for model fitting (multi-class AUC: 0.872, original kappa 0.365, corrected kappa: 0.872), clearly highlighting the need to integrate inter-seasonal variability to enhance models’ accuracies. Vegetation indices such as the NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, CGI and the thermal band can render as much information as a full array of predictors. Our protocol for modeling turfgrass quality can be followed to develop a library of predictive models that can be used in different settings where turfgrass quality ratings are needed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ccb8cccfc5364173ad861f34bfba24ed |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj-art-ccb8cccfc5364173ad861f34bfba24ed2025-08-20T02:07:56ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952024-11-011411257510.3390/agronomy14112575Prediction of Turfgrass Quality Using Multispectral UAV Imagery and Ordinal Forests: Validation Using a Fuzzy ApproachAlexander Hernandez0Shaun Bushman1Paul Johnson2Matthew D. Robbins3Kaden Patten4Forage and Range Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84322, USAForage and Range Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84322, USAPlants, Soils and Climate Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USAForage and Range Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84322, USAForage and Range Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84322, USAProtocols to evaluate turfgrass quality rely on visual ratings that, depending on the rater’s expertise, can be subjective and susceptible to positive and negative drifts. We developed seasonal (spring, summer and fall) as well as inter-seasonal machine learning predictive models of turfgrass quality using multispectral and thermal imagery collected using unmanned aerial vehicles for two years as a proof-of-concept. We chose ordinal regression to develop the models instead of conventional classification to account for the ranked nature of the turfgrass quality assessments. We implemented a fuzzy correction of the resulting confusion matrices to ameliorate the probable drift of the field-based visual ratings. The best seasonal predictions were rendered by the fall (multi-class AUC: 0.774, original kappa 0.139, corrected kappa: 0.707) model. However, the best overall predictions were obtained when observation across seasons and years were used for model fitting (multi-class AUC: 0.872, original kappa 0.365, corrected kappa: 0.872), clearly highlighting the need to integrate inter-seasonal variability to enhance models’ accuracies. Vegetation indices such as the NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, CGI and the thermal band can render as much information as a full array of predictors. Our protocol for modeling turfgrass quality can be followed to develop a library of predictive models that can be used in different settings where turfgrass quality ratings are needed.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/11/2575turfgrass qualitymultispectral imageryunmanned aerial vehiclesordinal forestsfuzzy correctionsremote sensing |
| spellingShingle | Alexander Hernandez Shaun Bushman Paul Johnson Matthew D. Robbins Kaden Patten Prediction of Turfgrass Quality Using Multispectral UAV Imagery and Ordinal Forests: Validation Using a Fuzzy Approach Agronomy turfgrass quality multispectral imagery unmanned aerial vehicles ordinal forests fuzzy corrections remote sensing |
| title | Prediction of Turfgrass Quality Using Multispectral UAV Imagery and Ordinal Forests: Validation Using a Fuzzy Approach |
| title_full | Prediction of Turfgrass Quality Using Multispectral UAV Imagery and Ordinal Forests: Validation Using a Fuzzy Approach |
| title_fullStr | Prediction of Turfgrass Quality Using Multispectral UAV Imagery and Ordinal Forests: Validation Using a Fuzzy Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prediction of Turfgrass Quality Using Multispectral UAV Imagery and Ordinal Forests: Validation Using a Fuzzy Approach |
| title_short | Prediction of Turfgrass Quality Using Multispectral UAV Imagery and Ordinal Forests: Validation Using a Fuzzy Approach |
| title_sort | prediction of turfgrass quality using multispectral uav imagery and ordinal forests validation using a fuzzy approach |
| topic | turfgrass quality multispectral imagery unmanned aerial vehicles ordinal forests fuzzy corrections remote sensing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/11/2575 |
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