Synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applications
Objectives Oncology surgeons use animals and cadavers in training because of a lack of alternatives. The aim of this work was to develop a design methodology to create synthetic liver models familiar to surgeons, and to help plan, teach and rehearse patient-specific cancerous liver resection surgery...
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| Language: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2022-12-01
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| Series: | BMJ Open Gastroenterology |
| Online Access: | https://bmjopengastro.bmj.com/content/9/1/e000909.full |
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| author | Christopher Clarke Edward Alabraba Richard Arm Arash Shahidi |
| author_facet | Christopher Clarke Edward Alabraba Richard Arm Arash Shahidi |
| author_sort | Christopher Clarke |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives Oncology surgeons use animals and cadavers in training because of a lack of alternatives. The aim of this work was to develop a design methodology to create synthetic liver models familiar to surgeons, and to help plan, teach and rehearse patient-specific cancerous liver resection surgery.Design Synthetic gels were selected and processed to recreate accurate anthropomorphic qualities. Organic and synthetic materials were mechanically tested with the same equipment and standards to determine physical properties like hardness, elastic modulus and viscoelasticity. Collected data were compared with published data on the human liver. Patient-specific CT data were segmented and reconstructed and additive manufactured models were made of the liver vasculature, parenchyma and lesion. Using toolmaking and dissolvable scaffolds, models were transformed into tactile duplicates that could mimic liver tissue behaviour.Results Porcine liver tissue hardness was found to be 23 H00 (±0.1) and synthetic liver was 10 H00 (±2.3), while human parenchyma was reported as 15.06 H00 (±2.64). Average elastic Young’s modulus of human liver was reported as 0.012 MPa, and synthetic liver was 0.012 MPa, but warmed porcine parenchyma was 0.28 MPa. The final liver model demonstrated a time-dependant viscoelastic response to cyclic loading.Conclusion Synthetic liver was better than porcine liver at recreating the mechanical properties of living human liver. Warmed porcine liver was more brittle, less extensible and stiffer than both human and synthetic tissues. Qualitative surgical assessment of the model by a consultant liver surgeon showed vasculature was explorable and that bimanual palpation, organ delivery, transposition and organ slumping were analogous to human liver behaviour. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ccaff9ebf77c42fcaa01036aa3dd3eb5 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2054-4774 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Open Gastroenterology |
| spelling | doaj-art-ccaff9ebf77c42fcaa01036aa3dd3eb52025-08-20T03:20:39ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open Gastroenterology2054-47742022-12-019110.1136/bmjgast-2022-000909Synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applicationsChristopher Clarke0Edward Alabraba1Richard Arm2Arash Shahidi3Tees Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Darlington, UKDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Queen`s Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UKSchool of Art and Design, Nottingham Trent University City Campus, Nottingham, UKSchool of Art and Design, Nottingham Trent University City Campus, Nottingham, UKObjectives Oncology surgeons use animals and cadavers in training because of a lack of alternatives. The aim of this work was to develop a design methodology to create synthetic liver models familiar to surgeons, and to help plan, teach and rehearse patient-specific cancerous liver resection surgery.Design Synthetic gels were selected and processed to recreate accurate anthropomorphic qualities. Organic and synthetic materials were mechanically tested with the same equipment and standards to determine physical properties like hardness, elastic modulus and viscoelasticity. Collected data were compared with published data on the human liver. Patient-specific CT data were segmented and reconstructed and additive manufactured models were made of the liver vasculature, parenchyma and lesion. Using toolmaking and dissolvable scaffolds, models were transformed into tactile duplicates that could mimic liver tissue behaviour.Results Porcine liver tissue hardness was found to be 23 H00 (±0.1) and synthetic liver was 10 H00 (±2.3), while human parenchyma was reported as 15.06 H00 (±2.64). Average elastic Young’s modulus of human liver was reported as 0.012 MPa, and synthetic liver was 0.012 MPa, but warmed porcine parenchyma was 0.28 MPa. The final liver model demonstrated a time-dependant viscoelastic response to cyclic loading.Conclusion Synthetic liver was better than porcine liver at recreating the mechanical properties of living human liver. Warmed porcine liver was more brittle, less extensible and stiffer than both human and synthetic tissues. Qualitative surgical assessment of the model by a consultant liver surgeon showed vasculature was explorable and that bimanual palpation, organ delivery, transposition and organ slumping were analogous to human liver behaviour.https://bmjopengastro.bmj.com/content/9/1/e000909.full |
| spellingShingle | Christopher Clarke Edward Alabraba Richard Arm Arash Shahidi Synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applications BMJ Open Gastroenterology |
| title | Synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applications |
| title_full | Synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applications |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applications |
| title_short | Synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applications |
| title_sort | synthesis and characterisation of a cancerous liver for presurgical planning and training applications |
| url | https://bmjopengastro.bmj.com/content/9/1/e000909.full |
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