Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide modulates the stress response: the involvement of different brain areas and microglia
Stress is necessary for survival. However, chronic unnecessary stress exposure leads to cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, understanding the mechanisms involved in the initiation and maintenance of the stress response is essential since it may reveal the underpinn...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1495598/full |
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| author | Anika Singh Paul Shim Sadaf Naeem Shafiqur Rahman Kabirullah Lutfy |
| author_facet | Anika Singh Paul Shim Sadaf Naeem Shafiqur Rahman Kabirullah Lutfy |
| author_sort | Anika Singh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Stress is necessary for survival. However, chronic unnecessary stress exposure leads to cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, understanding the mechanisms involved in the initiation and maintenance of the stress response is essential since it may reveal the underpinning pathophysiology of these disorders and may aid in the development of medication to treat stress-mediated diseases. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2) are expressed in the hypothalamus and other brain areas as well as in the adrenal gland. Previous research has shown that this peptide/receptor system serves as a modulator of the stress response. In addition to modulating the stress response, this system may also be connected to its emerging role as neuroprotective against hypoxia, ischemia, and neurodegeneration. This article aims to review the literature regarding the role of PACAP and its receptors in the stress response, the involvement of different brain regions and microglia in PACAP-mediated modulation of the stress response, and the long-term adaptation to stress recognizable clinically as survival with resilience while manifested in anxiety, depression and other neurobehavioral disorders. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cc8b705ab9a64fd69f1b53011d38df1b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1664-0640 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj-art-cc8b705ab9a64fd69f1b53011d38df1b2025-01-27T06:40:08ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402025-01-011510.3389/fpsyt.2024.14955981495598Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide modulates the stress response: the involvement of different brain areas and microgliaAnika Singh0Paul Shim1Sadaf Naeem2Shafiqur Rahman3Kabirullah Lutfy4College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United StatesDepartment of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United StatesInstitute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PakistanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United StatesCollege of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United StatesStress is necessary for survival. However, chronic unnecessary stress exposure leads to cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, understanding the mechanisms involved in the initiation and maintenance of the stress response is essential since it may reveal the underpinning pathophysiology of these disorders and may aid in the development of medication to treat stress-mediated diseases. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors (PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2) are expressed in the hypothalamus and other brain areas as well as in the adrenal gland. Previous research has shown that this peptide/receptor system serves as a modulator of the stress response. In addition to modulating the stress response, this system may also be connected to its emerging role as neuroprotective against hypoxia, ischemia, and neurodegeneration. This article aims to review the literature regarding the role of PACAP and its receptors in the stress response, the involvement of different brain regions and microglia in PACAP-mediated modulation of the stress response, and the long-term adaptation to stress recognizable clinically as survival with resilience while manifested in anxiety, depression and other neurobehavioral disorders.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1495598/fullPACAPstresshypothalamuspituitary, adrenal glandBNSTamygdala |
| spellingShingle | Anika Singh Paul Shim Sadaf Naeem Shafiqur Rahman Kabirullah Lutfy Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide modulates the stress response: the involvement of different brain areas and microglia Frontiers in Psychiatry PACAP stress hypothalamus pituitary, adrenal gland BNST amygdala |
| title | Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide modulates the stress response: the involvement of different brain areas and microglia |
| title_full | Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide modulates the stress response: the involvement of different brain areas and microglia |
| title_fullStr | Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide modulates the stress response: the involvement of different brain areas and microglia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide modulates the stress response: the involvement of different brain areas and microglia |
| title_short | Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide modulates the stress response: the involvement of different brain areas and microglia |
| title_sort | pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide modulates the stress response the involvement of different brain areas and microglia |
| topic | PACAP stress hypothalamus pituitary, adrenal gland BNST amygdala |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1495598/full |
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