Synthesis of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminopropyl Derivative of A Blood Sugar Antigen

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a promising tool for drug delivery due to their unique chemical properties that make them biocompatible and easy to functionalize. However, when AuNPs are introduced into biological systems, they are coated by the so-called protein corona (PC), which affects their biod...

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Main Authors: Elena Di Marzo, Luigi Lay, Giuseppe D’Orazio
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Molbank
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1422-8599/2025/2/M1985
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author Elena Di Marzo
Luigi Lay
Giuseppe D’Orazio
author_facet Elena Di Marzo
Luigi Lay
Giuseppe D’Orazio
author_sort Elena Di Marzo
collection DOAJ
description Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a promising tool for drug delivery due to their unique chemical properties that make them biocompatible and easy to functionalize. However, when AuNPs are introduced into biological systems, they are coated by the so-called protein corona (PC), which affects their biodistribution and limits their therapeutic efficacy. The functionalization of AuNPs with endogenous carbohydrates can be a possible strategy to reduce immune recognition, thus enhancing their biocompatibility and circulation time. Suitable candidates for this approach are the ABO blood sugar antigens, di- and tri-saccharides that represent the terminal portion of some glycolipids and glycoproteins present on the surface of human red blood cells and other tissues. In this work, we illustrate the synthesis of trisaccharide antigen A derivative, whose last step is worthy of investigation. During the final hydrogenolysis reaction, intended to remove protecting groups, an unexpected side reaction occurred, the isolated product bearing an <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyl moiety on the anomeric propyl linker. This side reaction might be ascribed to the in situ formation of formaldehyde and successive imine formation and reduction. The obtained compound can be used as a monomeric control compound in biochemical and structural biology studies involving ABO blood sugar antigens.
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spelling doaj-art-cc87e340aa7e41078921c8dfd2b081e92025-08-20T03:16:21ZengMDPI AGMolbank1422-85992025-03-0120252M198510.3390/M1985Synthesis of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminopropyl Derivative of A Blood Sugar AntigenElena Di Marzo0Luigi Lay1Giuseppe D’Orazio2Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, ItalyGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a promising tool for drug delivery due to their unique chemical properties that make them biocompatible and easy to functionalize. However, when AuNPs are introduced into biological systems, they are coated by the so-called protein corona (PC), which affects their biodistribution and limits their therapeutic efficacy. The functionalization of AuNPs with endogenous carbohydrates can be a possible strategy to reduce immune recognition, thus enhancing their biocompatibility and circulation time. Suitable candidates for this approach are the ABO blood sugar antigens, di- and tri-saccharides that represent the terminal portion of some glycolipids and glycoproteins present on the surface of human red blood cells and other tissues. In this work, we illustrate the synthesis of trisaccharide antigen A derivative, whose last step is worthy of investigation. During the final hydrogenolysis reaction, intended to remove protecting groups, an unexpected side reaction occurred, the isolated product bearing an <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyl moiety on the anomeric propyl linker. This side reaction might be ascribed to the in situ formation of formaldehyde and successive imine formation and reduction. The obtained compound can be used as a monomeric control compound in biochemical and structural biology studies involving ABO blood sugar antigens.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-8599/2025/2/M1985glyco-gold nanoparticlesblood sugar antigensglycosylationglycoderivativesoligosaccharides
spellingShingle Elena Di Marzo
Luigi Lay
Giuseppe D’Orazio
Synthesis of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminopropyl Derivative of A Blood Sugar Antigen
Molbank
glyco-gold nanoparticles
blood sugar antigens
glycosylation
glycoderivatives
oligosaccharides
title Synthesis of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminopropyl Derivative of A Blood Sugar Antigen
title_full Synthesis of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminopropyl Derivative of A Blood Sugar Antigen
title_fullStr Synthesis of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminopropyl Derivative of A Blood Sugar Antigen
title_full_unstemmed Synthesis of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminopropyl Derivative of A Blood Sugar Antigen
title_short Synthesis of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaminopropyl Derivative of A Blood Sugar Antigen
title_sort synthesis of i n i i n i dimethylaminopropyl derivative of a blood sugar antigen
topic glyco-gold nanoparticles
blood sugar antigens
glycosylation
glycoderivatives
oligosaccharides
url https://www.mdpi.com/1422-8599/2025/2/M1985
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AT luigilay synthesisofiniinidimethylaminopropylderivativeofabloodsugarantigen
AT giuseppedorazio synthesisofiniinidimethylaminopropylderivativeofabloodsugarantigen