Graphene metasurfaces biosensor for COVID-19 detection in the infra-red regime

Abstract This study presents the design and analysis of a biosensor for COVID-19 detection, integrating graphene metasurfaces with gold, silver, and GST materials. The proposed sensor architecture combines a square ring resonator with a circular ring resonator, optimized through COMSOL Multiphysics...

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Main Authors: Hussein A. Elsayed, Jacob Wekalao, Ahmed Mehaney, Haifa E. Alfassam, Mostafa R. Abukhadra, Ali Hajjiah, Wail Al Zoubi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-03-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92991-w
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author Hussein A. Elsayed
Jacob Wekalao
Ahmed Mehaney
Haifa E. Alfassam
Mostafa R. Abukhadra
Ali Hajjiah
Wail Al Zoubi
author_facet Hussein A. Elsayed
Jacob Wekalao
Ahmed Mehaney
Haifa E. Alfassam
Mostafa R. Abukhadra
Ali Hajjiah
Wail Al Zoubi
author_sort Hussein A. Elsayed
collection DOAJ
description Abstract This study presents the design and analysis of a biosensor for COVID-19 detection, integrating graphene metasurfaces with gold, silver, and GST materials. The proposed sensor architecture combines a square ring resonator with a circular ring resonator, optimized through COMSOL Multiphysics simulations in the infrared regime. The sensor demonstrates exceptional performance characteristics, with absorption values exceeding 99.5% in the primary detection band (4.2–4.6 μm) and approximately 97.5% in the secondary band (5.0–5.5 μm). The device exhibits high sensitivity (4000 nm/RIU), a detection limit of 0.078, and a figure of merit of 16.000 RIU⁻¹ when utilizing crystalline GST as the substrate material. The sensor’s performance was further enhanced through machine learning optimization using XGBoost regression, achieving perfect correlation (R² = 100%) between predicted and experimental values across various operational parameters. The dual-band detection mechanism, combined with the integration of advanced materials and machine learning optimization, offers a promising platform for rapid, label-free, and highly sensitive COVID-19 detection. This research contributes to the development of next-generation biosensing technologies for viral detection and disease diagnosis.
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spelling doaj-art-cc6b2cfdfce447a2910e08fbbaa13eb82025-08-20T02:56:15ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-03-0115112610.1038/s41598-025-92991-wGraphene metasurfaces biosensor for COVID-19 detection in the infra-red regimeHussein A. Elsayed0Jacob Wekalao1Ahmed Mehaney2Haifa E. Alfassam3Mostafa R. Abukhadra4Ali Hajjiah5Wail Al Zoubi6Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Ha’ilDepartment of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of ChinaPhysics Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef UniversityDepartment of Biology, college of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityMaterials Technologies and their applications Lab, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef UniversityDepartment of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait UniversityMaterials Electrochemistry Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam UniversityAbstract This study presents the design and analysis of a biosensor for COVID-19 detection, integrating graphene metasurfaces with gold, silver, and GST materials. The proposed sensor architecture combines a square ring resonator with a circular ring resonator, optimized through COMSOL Multiphysics simulations in the infrared regime. The sensor demonstrates exceptional performance characteristics, with absorption values exceeding 99.5% in the primary detection band (4.2–4.6 μm) and approximately 97.5% in the secondary band (5.0–5.5 μm). The device exhibits high sensitivity (4000 nm/RIU), a detection limit of 0.078, and a figure of merit of 16.000 RIU⁻¹ when utilizing crystalline GST as the substrate material. The sensor’s performance was further enhanced through machine learning optimization using XGBoost regression, achieving perfect correlation (R² = 100%) between predicted and experimental values across various operational parameters. The dual-band detection mechanism, combined with the integration of advanced materials and machine learning optimization, offers a promising platform for rapid, label-free, and highly sensitive COVID-19 detection. This research contributes to the development of next-generation biosensing technologies for viral detection and disease diagnosis.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92991-wCOVID-19 biosensorGraphene metasurfacesPhase change materialsMachine learning optimizationDual-Band detectionLabel-free sensing
spellingShingle Hussein A. Elsayed
Jacob Wekalao
Ahmed Mehaney
Haifa E. Alfassam
Mostafa R. Abukhadra
Ali Hajjiah
Wail Al Zoubi
Graphene metasurfaces biosensor for COVID-19 detection in the infra-red regime
Scientific Reports
COVID-19 biosensor
Graphene metasurfaces
Phase change materials
Machine learning optimization
Dual-Band detection
Label-free sensing
title Graphene metasurfaces biosensor for COVID-19 detection in the infra-red regime
title_full Graphene metasurfaces biosensor for COVID-19 detection in the infra-red regime
title_fullStr Graphene metasurfaces biosensor for COVID-19 detection in the infra-red regime
title_full_unstemmed Graphene metasurfaces biosensor for COVID-19 detection in the infra-red regime
title_short Graphene metasurfaces biosensor for COVID-19 detection in the infra-red regime
title_sort graphene metasurfaces biosensor for covid 19 detection in the infra red regime
topic COVID-19 biosensor
Graphene metasurfaces
Phase change materials
Machine learning optimization
Dual-Band detection
Label-free sensing
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-92991-w
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