Threatened Aquatic Plants of the Southern Tigris-Euphrates Basin: Status, Threats, and Conservation Priorities

The Tigris-Euphrates basin hosts a diverse assemblage of native aquatic plants vital to the region’s ecological and cultural heritage. However, decades of hydrological alterations, pollution, salinity intrusion, habitat destruction, and climate change have caused significant declines in aquatic plan...

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Main Authors: Murtada Naser, Amaal Yasser, Jonas Schoelynck, Franz Essl
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Plants
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/13/1914
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author Murtada Naser
Amaal Yasser
Jonas Schoelynck
Franz Essl
author_facet Murtada Naser
Amaal Yasser
Jonas Schoelynck
Franz Essl
author_sort Murtada Naser
collection DOAJ
description The Tigris-Euphrates basin hosts a diverse assemblage of native aquatic plants vital to the region’s ecological and cultural heritage. However, decades of hydrological alterations, pollution, salinity intrusion, habitat destruction, and climate change have caused significant declines in aquatic plant species diversity. This review compiles historical and contemporary information on key native aquatic plant species, assesses their current conservation status, identifies major threats, and provides recommendations for their protection. Sensitive submerged and floating species, including <i>Vallisneria spiralis</i>, <i>Najas marina</i>, and <i>Potamogeton</i> spp., have been particularly affected, with many now being rare or locally extinct. Although restoration efforts in the Mesopotamian Marshes have partially restored some wetlands, aquatic plant conservation remains largely overlooked. We propose targeted recovery plans, integration of aquatic plants into wetland management, enhancement of water quality measures, and increased cross-border hydrological cooperation. Protecting native aquatic flora is essential for maintaining the ecological integrity and resilience of the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
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spelling doaj-art-cc4e50e41ca14d9c9d1affdd1f4461412025-08-20T03:50:20ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-06-011413191410.3390/plants14131914Threatened Aquatic Plants of the Southern Tigris-Euphrates Basin: Status, Threats, and Conservation PrioritiesMurtada Naser0Amaal Yasser1Jonas Schoelynck2Franz Essl3School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, AustraliaSchool of Environment and Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, AustraliaDepartment of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1C, 2610 Wilrijk, BelgiumDivision of BioInvasions, Global Change and Macroecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, AustriaThe Tigris-Euphrates basin hosts a diverse assemblage of native aquatic plants vital to the region’s ecological and cultural heritage. However, decades of hydrological alterations, pollution, salinity intrusion, habitat destruction, and climate change have caused significant declines in aquatic plant species diversity. This review compiles historical and contemporary information on key native aquatic plant species, assesses their current conservation status, identifies major threats, and provides recommendations for their protection. Sensitive submerged and floating species, including <i>Vallisneria spiralis</i>, <i>Najas marina</i>, and <i>Potamogeton</i> spp., have been particularly affected, with many now being rare or locally extinct. Although restoration efforts in the Mesopotamian Marshes have partially restored some wetlands, aquatic plant conservation remains largely overlooked. We propose targeted recovery plans, integration of aquatic plants into wetland management, enhancement of water quality measures, and increased cross-border hydrological cooperation. Protecting native aquatic flora is essential for maintaining the ecological integrity and resilience of the Tigris-Euphrates basin.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/13/1914aquatic plantsbiodiversityconservationMesopotamian Marshesnative speciesTigris-Euphrates basin
spellingShingle Murtada Naser
Amaal Yasser
Jonas Schoelynck
Franz Essl
Threatened Aquatic Plants of the Southern Tigris-Euphrates Basin: Status, Threats, and Conservation Priorities
Plants
aquatic plants
biodiversity
conservation
Mesopotamian Marshes
native species
Tigris-Euphrates basin
title Threatened Aquatic Plants of the Southern Tigris-Euphrates Basin: Status, Threats, and Conservation Priorities
title_full Threatened Aquatic Plants of the Southern Tigris-Euphrates Basin: Status, Threats, and Conservation Priorities
title_fullStr Threatened Aquatic Plants of the Southern Tigris-Euphrates Basin: Status, Threats, and Conservation Priorities
title_full_unstemmed Threatened Aquatic Plants of the Southern Tigris-Euphrates Basin: Status, Threats, and Conservation Priorities
title_short Threatened Aquatic Plants of the Southern Tigris-Euphrates Basin: Status, Threats, and Conservation Priorities
title_sort threatened aquatic plants of the southern tigris euphrates basin status threats and conservation priorities
topic aquatic plants
biodiversity
conservation
Mesopotamian Marshes
native species
Tigris-Euphrates basin
url https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/13/1914
work_keys_str_mv AT murtadanaser threatenedaquaticplantsofthesoutherntigriseuphratesbasinstatusthreatsandconservationpriorities
AT amaalyasser threatenedaquaticplantsofthesoutherntigriseuphratesbasinstatusthreatsandconservationpriorities
AT jonasschoelynck threatenedaquaticplantsofthesoutherntigriseuphratesbasinstatusthreatsandconservationpriorities
AT franzessl threatenedaquaticplantsofthesoutherntigriseuphratesbasinstatusthreatsandconservationpriorities