Exploring the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles from Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.) Serum and Mucus for Wound Healing In Vitro

Novel therapeutic approaches for wound healing have included biomaterials from the Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.), with promising results in wound management. The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can be isolated from cod biofluids, remains to be studied. EVs play key rol...

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Main Authors: Stefania D’Alessio, Igor Kraev, Bergljót Magnadóttir, Sigrun Lange
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Biology
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/7/870
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author Stefania D’Alessio
Igor Kraev
Bergljót Magnadóttir
Sigrun Lange
author_facet Stefania D’Alessio
Igor Kraev
Bergljót Magnadóttir
Sigrun Lange
author_sort Stefania D’Alessio
collection DOAJ
description Novel therapeutic approaches for wound healing have included biomaterials from the Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.), with promising results in wound management. The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can be isolated from cod biofluids, remains to be studied. EVs play key roles in cellular communication, and their use both as biomarkers and as therapeutic agents is widely reported in human pathologies, particularly with respect to mesenchymal stem cells. This pilot study characterized the total proteomic cargo content of EVs from cod serum and mucus and assessed the EVs’ potential for regenerative activity in wound-healing processes, using human and mouse fibroblast and keratinocyte in vitro scratch injury models. The pro-regenerative potential of both cod serum EVs and mucus EVs was identified, with differing capacities for accelerating wound closure in fibroblast and keratinocyte cells. This was further supported by varying effects of the cod serum EVs and mucus EVs on cellular vimentin and FGF-2 levels. The serum EV and mucus EV protein cargoes differed with respect to abundance of protein hits and associated enriched functional GO and KEGG pathways, but both were associated with immune, stress and wound-healing processes. Cod EVs may present as innovative therapeutic options for regenerative medicine applications, and our reported findings provide valuable insights for future in-depth studies.
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spelling doaj-art-cc3a464838d04605a7ed0834f597c86d2025-08-20T02:45:43ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372025-07-0114787010.3390/biology14070870Exploring the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles from Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.) Serum and Mucus for Wound Healing In VitroStefania D’Alessio0Igor Kraev1Bergljót Magnadóttir2Sigrun Lange3Pathobiology and Extracellular Vesicles Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UKElectron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UKInstitute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, IcelandPathobiology and Extracellular Vesicles Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UKNovel therapeutic approaches for wound healing have included biomaterials from the Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.), with promising results in wound management. The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can be isolated from cod biofluids, remains to be studied. EVs play key roles in cellular communication, and their use both as biomarkers and as therapeutic agents is widely reported in human pathologies, particularly with respect to mesenchymal stem cells. This pilot study characterized the total proteomic cargo content of EVs from cod serum and mucus and assessed the EVs’ potential for regenerative activity in wound-healing processes, using human and mouse fibroblast and keratinocyte in vitro scratch injury models. The pro-regenerative potential of both cod serum EVs and mucus EVs was identified, with differing capacities for accelerating wound closure in fibroblast and keratinocyte cells. This was further supported by varying effects of the cod serum EVs and mucus EVs on cellular vimentin and FGF-2 levels. The serum EV and mucus EV protein cargoes differed with respect to abundance of protein hits and associated enriched functional GO and KEGG pathways, but both were associated with immune, stress and wound-healing processes. Cod EVs may present as innovative therapeutic options for regenerative medicine applications, and our reported findings provide valuable insights for future in-depth studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/7/870Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.)extracellular vesiclestissue regenerationwound healingFGFvimentin
spellingShingle Stefania D’Alessio
Igor Kraev
Bergljót Magnadóttir
Sigrun Lange
Exploring the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles from Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.) Serum and Mucus for Wound Healing In Vitro
Biology
Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.)
extracellular vesicles
tissue regeneration
wound healing
FGF
vimentin
title Exploring the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles from Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.) Serum and Mucus for Wound Healing In Vitro
title_full Exploring the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles from Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.) Serum and Mucus for Wound Healing In Vitro
title_fullStr Exploring the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles from Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.) Serum and Mucus for Wound Healing In Vitro
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles from Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.) Serum and Mucus for Wound Healing In Vitro
title_short Exploring the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles from Atlantic Cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.) Serum and Mucus for Wound Healing In Vitro
title_sort exploring the potential of extracellular vesicles from atlantic cod i gadus morhua i l serum and mucus for wound healing in vitro
topic Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i> L.)
extracellular vesicles
tissue regeneration
wound healing
FGF
vimentin
url https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/7/870
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