Chemical structure–property relationships of photocurable monomers/macromers: Potential binder candidates for ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization
Successful ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization (VPP) depends on the precise optimization of photocurable polymers to achieve ideal component properties. Most photocurable polymers consist of binary systems with monomers/macromers of varying functionalities. Crosslinking polymerization in VPP, part...
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Polymer Testing |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941825000352 |
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| author | Setareh Zakeri Antonia Ressler Piie Konnunaho Teemu Sandblom Joshua Cunningham Milla Rinne Matti Järveläinen Anastasia Elias Erkka J. Frankberg Erkki Levänen |
| author_facet | Setareh Zakeri Antonia Ressler Piie Konnunaho Teemu Sandblom Joshua Cunningham Milla Rinne Matti Järveläinen Anastasia Elias Erkka J. Frankberg Erkki Levänen |
| author_sort | Setareh Zakeri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Successful ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization (VPP) depends on the precise optimization of photocurable polymers to achieve ideal component properties. Most photocurable polymers consist of binary systems with monomers/macromers of varying functionalities. Crosslinking polymerization in VPP, particularly concerning monomer/macromer chemical structure, has not been extensively researched. This study systematically investigates the effects of three difunctional monomers, three difunctional macromers, and three multifunctional monomers. 18 combinations were prepared using difunctional monomers/macromers and multifunctional monomers at a 50:50 ratio. The study examined how linker chain length, ethoxylation, functional groups, and functionality impact properties critical for VPP processes, including photocuring behavior, mechanical properties, and shrinkage. Curing depth measurements showed that resins with rigid monomers and longer chain lengths had a higher critical energy (Ec), while flexible monomers had a lower Ec. Methacrylate-containing formulations exhibited a higher Ec than acrylates. Although resins with higher functionality (fave) generally showed higher Ec, this trend was not always consistent. Photo-DSC results showed that ethoxylated TMPTA slows down crosslinking polymerization in methacrylate-containing resins but accelerates it in acrylate formulations. Moreover, combining tetrafunctional monomer with methacrylate enhanced the polymerization rate of methacrylate. The compression tests showed that an excess of ethylene oxide groups in the chemical structure of used monomers introduces a higher degree of flexibility and softness to the cured structure, leading to a reduction in mechanical properties. Furthermore, it was observed that methacrylate-containing resins shrank more compared to their acrylate-containing counterparts. Finally, five potential candidates were proposed for ceramic/metal VPP. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cc146baeafe84c3491d50878b24de151 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1873-2348 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymer Testing |
| spelling | doaj-art-cc146baeafe84c3491d50878b24de1512025-02-08T04:59:22ZengElsevierPolymer Testing1873-23482025-02-01143108721Chemical structure–property relationships of photocurable monomers/macromers: Potential binder candidates for ceramic/metal vat photopolymerizationSetareh Zakeri0Antonia Ressler1Piie Konnunaho2Teemu Sandblom3Joshua Cunningham4Milla Rinne5Matti Järveläinen6Anastasia Elias7Erkka J. Frankberg8Erkki Levänen9Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University (TAU), Korkeakoulunkatu 6, P.O. Box 589, Tampere, 33014, Pirkanmaa, Finland; Corresponding author.Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University (TAU), Korkeakoulunkatu 6, P.O. Box 589, Tampere, 33014, Pirkanmaa, FinlandMaterials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University (TAU), Korkeakoulunkatu 6, P.O. Box 589, Tampere, 33014, Pirkanmaa, FinlandMaterials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University (TAU), Korkeakoulunkatu 6, P.O. Box 589, Tampere, 33014, Pirkanmaa, FinlandDepartment of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta (UofA), 85th Ave & 116 St, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Alberta, CanadaMaterials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University (TAU), Korkeakoulunkatu 6, P.O. Box 589, Tampere, 33014, Pirkanmaa, FinlandMaterials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University (TAU), Korkeakoulunkatu 6, P.O. Box 589, Tampere, 33014, Pirkanmaa, FinlandDepartment of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta (UofA), 85th Ave & 116 St, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Alberta, CanadaMaterials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University (TAU), Korkeakoulunkatu 6, P.O. Box 589, Tampere, 33014, Pirkanmaa, FinlandMaterials Science and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University (TAU), Korkeakoulunkatu 6, P.O. Box 589, Tampere, 33014, Pirkanmaa, FinlandSuccessful ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization (VPP) depends on the precise optimization of photocurable polymers to achieve ideal component properties. Most photocurable polymers consist of binary systems with monomers/macromers of varying functionalities. Crosslinking polymerization in VPP, particularly concerning monomer/macromer chemical structure, has not been extensively researched. This study systematically investigates the effects of three difunctional monomers, three difunctional macromers, and three multifunctional monomers. 18 combinations were prepared using difunctional monomers/macromers and multifunctional monomers at a 50:50 ratio. The study examined how linker chain length, ethoxylation, functional groups, and functionality impact properties critical for VPP processes, including photocuring behavior, mechanical properties, and shrinkage. Curing depth measurements showed that resins with rigid monomers and longer chain lengths had a higher critical energy (Ec), while flexible monomers had a lower Ec. Methacrylate-containing formulations exhibited a higher Ec than acrylates. Although resins with higher functionality (fave) generally showed higher Ec, this trend was not always consistent. Photo-DSC results showed that ethoxylated TMPTA slows down crosslinking polymerization in methacrylate-containing resins but accelerates it in acrylate formulations. Moreover, combining tetrafunctional monomer with methacrylate enhanced the polymerization rate of methacrylate. The compression tests showed that an excess of ethylene oxide groups in the chemical structure of used monomers introduces a higher degree of flexibility and softness to the cured structure, leading to a reduction in mechanical properties. Furthermore, it was observed that methacrylate-containing resins shrank more compared to their acrylate-containing counterparts. Finally, five potential candidates were proposed for ceramic/metal VPP.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941825000352Vat photopolymerizationBinder optimizationAcrylatesMonomersCeramic resins |
| spellingShingle | Setareh Zakeri Antonia Ressler Piie Konnunaho Teemu Sandblom Joshua Cunningham Milla Rinne Matti Järveläinen Anastasia Elias Erkka J. Frankberg Erkki Levänen Chemical structure–property relationships of photocurable monomers/macromers: Potential binder candidates for ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization Polymer Testing Vat photopolymerization Binder optimization Acrylates Monomers Ceramic resins |
| title | Chemical structure–property relationships of photocurable monomers/macromers: Potential binder candidates for ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization |
| title_full | Chemical structure–property relationships of photocurable monomers/macromers: Potential binder candidates for ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization |
| title_fullStr | Chemical structure–property relationships of photocurable monomers/macromers: Potential binder candidates for ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical structure–property relationships of photocurable monomers/macromers: Potential binder candidates for ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization |
| title_short | Chemical structure–property relationships of photocurable monomers/macromers: Potential binder candidates for ceramic/metal vat photopolymerization |
| title_sort | chemical structure property relationships of photocurable monomers macromers potential binder candidates for ceramic metal vat photopolymerization |
| topic | Vat photopolymerization Binder optimization Acrylates Monomers Ceramic resins |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941825000352 |
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