An In-depth Study of Gamma Rays from the Starburst Galaxy M82 with VERITAS
Assuming Galactic cosmic rays originate in supernovae and the winds of massive stars, starburst galaxies should produce very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission via the interaction of their copious quantities of cosmic rays with the large reservoirs of dense gas within the galaxies...
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| author | A. Acharyya C. B. Adams P. Bangale J. T. Bartkoske W. Benbow J. H. Buckley Y. Chen J. L. Christiansen A. J. Chromey A. Duerr M. Errando M. Escobar Godoy A. Falcone S. Feldman Q. Feng J. Foote L. Fortson A. Furniss W. Hanlon D. Hanna O. Hervet C. E. Hinrichs J. Holder T. B. Humensky W. Jin M. N. Johnson P. Kaaret M. Kertzman M. Kherlakian D. Kieda T. K. Kleiner N. Korzoun F. Krennrich S. Kumar M. J. Lang M. Lundy G. Maier M. J. Millard C. L. Mooney P. Moriarty R. Mukherjee W. Ning S. O’Brien R. A. Ong M. Pohl E. Pueschel J. Quinn P. L. Rabinowitz K. Ragan P. T. Reynolds D. Ribeiro E. Roache I. Sadeh L. Saha M. Santander G. H. Sembroski R. Shang M. Splettstoesser D. Tak A. K. Talluri J. V. Tucci V. V. Vassiliev D. A. Williams S. L. Wong J. Woo (VERITAS Collaboration) |
| author_facet | A. Acharyya C. B. Adams P. Bangale J. T. Bartkoske W. Benbow J. H. Buckley Y. Chen J. L. Christiansen A. J. Chromey A. Duerr M. Errando M. Escobar Godoy A. Falcone S. Feldman Q. Feng J. Foote L. Fortson A. Furniss W. Hanlon D. Hanna O. Hervet C. E. Hinrichs J. Holder T. B. Humensky W. Jin M. N. Johnson P. Kaaret M. Kertzman M. Kherlakian D. Kieda T. K. Kleiner N. Korzoun F. Krennrich S. Kumar M. J. Lang M. Lundy G. Maier M. J. Millard C. L. Mooney P. Moriarty R. Mukherjee W. Ning S. O’Brien R. A. Ong M. Pohl E. Pueschel J. Quinn P. L. Rabinowitz K. Ragan P. T. Reynolds D. Ribeiro E. Roache I. Sadeh L. Saha M. Santander G. H. Sembroski R. Shang M. Splettstoesser D. Tak A. K. Talluri J. V. Tucci V. V. Vassiliev D. A. Williams S. L. Wong J. Woo (VERITAS Collaboration) |
| author_sort | A. Acharyya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Assuming Galactic cosmic rays originate in supernovae and the winds of massive stars, starburst galaxies should produce very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission via the interaction of their copious quantities of cosmic rays with the large reservoirs of dense gas within the galaxies. Such VHE emission was detected by VERITAS from the starburst galaxy M82 in 2008–09. An extensive, multiyear campaign followed these initial observations, yielding a total of 254 hr of good-quality VERITAS data on M82. Leveraging modern analysis techniques and the larger exposure, these VERITAS data show a more statistically significant VHE signal (∼6.5 standard deviations, σ ). The corresponding photon spectrum is well fit by a power law (Γ = 2.3 ± 0.3 _stat ± 0.2 _sys ), and the observed integral flux is F (>450 GeV) = (3.2 ± 0.6 _stat ± 0.6 _sys ) × 10 ^−13 cm ^−2 s ^−1 , or ∼0.4% of the Crab Nebula flux above the same energy threshold. The improved VERITAS measurements, when combined with various multiwavelength data, enable modeling of the underlying emission and transport processes. A purely leptonic scenario is found to be a poor representation of the gamma-ray spectral energy distribution (SED). A lepto-hadronic scenario with cosmic rays following a power-law spectrum in momentum (index s ≃ 2.25) and with significant bremsstrahlung below 1 GeV provides a good match to the observed SED. The synchrotron emission from the secondary electrons indicates that efficient nonradiative losses of cosmic-ray electrons may be related to advective escape from the starburst core. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cbe29cef45c64002b09a319fce0c13f9 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-cbe29cef45c64002b09a319fce0c13f92025-08-20T01:57:39ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-01981218910.3847/1538-4357/adab71An In-depth Study of Gamma Rays from the Starburst Galaxy M82 with VERITASA. Acharyya0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-9230C. B. Adams1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-6192P. Bangale2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3886-3739J. T. Bartkoske3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9675-7328W. Benbow4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2098-170XJ. H. Buckley5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-9661Y. Chen6J. L. Christiansen7A. J. Chromey8A. Duerr9https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4119M. Errando10https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-863XM. Escobar Godoy11A. Falcone12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-7344S. Feldman13Q. Feng14https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6674-4238J. Foote15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-6060L. Fortson16https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1067-8558A. Furniss17https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1614-1273W. Hanlon18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-4737D. Hanna19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8513-5603O. Hervet20https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3878-1677C. E. Hinrichs21https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6951-2299J. Holder22https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-0474T. B. Humensky23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1432-7771W. Jin24https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1089-1754M. N. Johnson25https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2688-0815P. Kaaret26https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-0637M. Kertzman27M. Kherlakian28D. Kieda29https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-0101T. K. Kleiner30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4260-9186N. Korzoun31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4289-7106F. Krennrich32S. Kumar33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5167-1221M. J. Lang34https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-4201M. Lundy35https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3802-1619G. Maier36https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9868-4700M. J. Millard37https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7106-8502C. L. Mooney38https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5937-446XP. Moriarty39https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1499-2667R. Mukherjee40https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3223-0754W. Ning41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6121-3443S. O’Brien42https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9296-2981R. A. Ong43https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4837-5253M. Pohl44https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7861-1707E. Pueschel45https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0529-1973J. Quinn46https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4855-2694P. L. Rabinowitz47K. Ragan48https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5351-3323P. T. Reynolds49D. Ribeiro50https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-7366E. Roache51I. Sadeh52https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1387-8915L. Saha53https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-5039M. Santander54https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7297-8217G. H. Sembroski55R. Shang56https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9856-989XM. Splettstoesser57https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3407-9936D. Tak58https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9852-2469A. K. Talluri59J. V. Tucci60V. V. Vassiliev61D. A. Williams62https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2740-9714S. L. Wong63https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2730-2733J. Woo64https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6471-1405(VERITAS Collaboration)CP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, DenmarkPhysics Department, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy and the Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware , Newark, DE 19716, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; wbenbow@cfa.harvard.edu, lab.saha@cfa.harvard.eduDepartment of Physics, Washington University , St. Louis, MO 63130, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAPhysics Department, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo, CA 94307, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; wbenbow@cfa.harvard.edu, lab.saha@cfa.harvard.eduDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USADepartment of Physics, Washington University , St. Louis, MO 63130, USASanta Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy and the Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware , Newark, DE 19716, USASchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USASanta Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; wbenbow@cfa.harvard.edu, lab.saha@cfa.harvard.eduPhysics Department, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaSanta Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; wbenbow@cfa.harvard.edu, lab.saha@cfa.harvard.edu; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College , 6127 Wilder Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy and the Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware , Newark, DE 19716, USADepartment of Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD, USA; NASA GSFC , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USASanta Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, DePauw University , Greencastle, IN 46135-0037, USADESY , Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany ; martin.pohl@uni-potsdam.deDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USADESY , Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany ; martin.pohl@uni-potsdam.deDepartment of Physics and Astronomy and the Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware , Newark, DE 19716, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011, USADepartment of Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD, USASchool of Natural Sciences, University of Galway , University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, IrelandPhysics Department, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaDESY , Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany ; martin.pohl@uni-potsdam.deDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy and the Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware , Newark, DE 19716, USASchool of Natural Sciences, University of Galway , University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, IrelandDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College, Columbia University , NY 10027, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAPhysics Department, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada; Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, 64 Bader Lane, Queen’s University , Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CanadaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USADESY , Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany ; martin.pohl@uni-potsdam.de; Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam-Golm, GermanyFakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum, GermanySchool of Physics, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, IrelandDepartment of Physics, Washington University , St. Louis, MO 63130, USAPhysics Department, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaDepartment of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University , Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, IrelandSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; wbenbow@cfa.harvard.edu, lab.saha@cfa.harvard.eduDESY , Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany ; martin.pohl@uni-potsdam.deCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ; wbenbow@cfa.harvard.edu, lab.saha@cfa.harvard.eduDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Barnard College, Columbia University , NY 10027, USASanta Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USASNU Astronomy Research Center, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of KoreaSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USADepartment of Physics, Indiana University Indianapolis , Indianapolis, IN 46202, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USASanta Cruz Institute for Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USAPhysics Department, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaColumbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027, USAAssuming Galactic cosmic rays originate in supernovae and the winds of massive stars, starburst galaxies should produce very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission via the interaction of their copious quantities of cosmic rays with the large reservoirs of dense gas within the galaxies. Such VHE emission was detected by VERITAS from the starburst galaxy M82 in 2008–09. An extensive, multiyear campaign followed these initial observations, yielding a total of 254 hr of good-quality VERITAS data on M82. Leveraging modern analysis techniques and the larger exposure, these VERITAS data show a more statistically significant VHE signal (∼6.5 standard deviations, σ ). The corresponding photon spectrum is well fit by a power law (Γ = 2.3 ± 0.3 _stat ± 0.2 _sys ), and the observed integral flux is F (>450 GeV) = (3.2 ± 0.6 _stat ± 0.6 _sys ) × 10 ^−13 cm ^−2 s ^−1 , or ∼0.4% of the Crab Nebula flux above the same energy threshold. The improved VERITAS measurements, when combined with various multiwavelength data, enable modeling of the underlying emission and transport processes. A purely leptonic scenario is found to be a poor representation of the gamma-ray spectral energy distribution (SED). A lepto-hadronic scenario with cosmic rays following a power-law spectrum in momentum (index s ≃ 2.25) and with significant bremsstrahlung below 1 GeV provides a good match to the observed SED. The synchrotron emission from the secondary electrons indicates that efficient nonradiative losses of cosmic-ray electrons may be related to advective escape from the starburst core.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adab71Gamma-ray astronomyStar forming regionsGalactic cosmic raysStar clustersGamma-raysGamma-ray sources |
| spellingShingle | A. Acharyya C. B. Adams P. Bangale J. T. Bartkoske W. Benbow J. H. Buckley Y. Chen J. L. Christiansen A. J. Chromey A. Duerr M. Errando M. Escobar Godoy A. Falcone S. Feldman Q. Feng J. Foote L. Fortson A. Furniss W. Hanlon D. Hanna O. Hervet C. E. Hinrichs J. Holder T. B. Humensky W. Jin M. N. Johnson P. Kaaret M. Kertzman M. Kherlakian D. Kieda T. K. Kleiner N. Korzoun F. Krennrich S. Kumar M. J. Lang M. Lundy G. Maier M. J. Millard C. L. Mooney P. Moriarty R. Mukherjee W. Ning S. O’Brien R. A. Ong M. Pohl E. Pueschel J. Quinn P. L. Rabinowitz K. Ragan P. T. Reynolds D. Ribeiro E. Roache I. Sadeh L. Saha M. Santander G. H. Sembroski R. Shang M. Splettstoesser D. Tak A. K. Talluri J. V. Tucci V. V. Vassiliev D. A. Williams S. L. Wong J. Woo (VERITAS Collaboration) An In-depth Study of Gamma Rays from the Starburst Galaxy M82 with VERITAS The Astrophysical Journal Gamma-ray astronomy Star forming regions Galactic cosmic rays Star clusters Gamma-rays Gamma-ray sources |
| title | An In-depth Study of Gamma Rays from the Starburst Galaxy M82 with VERITAS |
| title_full | An In-depth Study of Gamma Rays from the Starburst Galaxy M82 with VERITAS |
| title_fullStr | An In-depth Study of Gamma Rays from the Starburst Galaxy M82 with VERITAS |
| title_full_unstemmed | An In-depth Study of Gamma Rays from the Starburst Galaxy M82 with VERITAS |
| title_short | An In-depth Study of Gamma Rays from the Starburst Galaxy M82 with VERITAS |
| title_sort | in depth study of gamma rays from the starburst galaxy m82 with veritas |
| topic | Gamma-ray astronomy Star forming regions Galactic cosmic rays Star clusters Gamma-rays Gamma-ray sources |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adab71 |
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msantander indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT ghsembroski indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT rshang indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT msplettstoesser indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT dtak indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT aktalluri indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT jvtucci indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT vvvassiliev indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT dawilliams indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT slwong indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT jwoo indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas AT veritascollaboration indepthstudyofgammaraysfromthestarburstgalaxym82withveritas |