Hallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraine

Abstract Background and aim Migraine is a common disabling conditions which, globally, affects 15.2% of the population. It is the second cause of health loss in terms of years lived with disability, the first among women. Despite being so common, it is poorly recognised and too often undertreated. S...

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Main Authors: Alberto Raggi, Matilde Leonardi, Marco Arruda, Valeria Caponnetto, Matteo Castaldo, Gianluca Coppola, Adriana Della Pietra, Xiangning Fan, David Garcia-Azorin, Parisa Gazerani, Lou Grangeon, Licia Grazzi, Fu-Jung Hsiao, Keiko Ihara, Alejandro Labastida-Ramirez, Kristin Sophie Lange, Marco Lisicki, Alessia Marcassoli, Danilo Antonio Montisano, Dilara Onan, Agnese Onofri, Lanfranco Pellesi, Mario Peres, Igor Petrušić, Bianca Raffaelli, Eloisa Rubio-Beltran, Andreas Straube, Sebastian Straube, Tsubasa Takizawa, Claudio Tana, Michela Tinelli, Massimiliano Valeriani, Simone Vigneri, Doga Vuralli, Marta Waliszewska-Prosół, Wei Wang, Yonggang Wang, William Wells-Gatnik, Tissa Wijeratne, Paolo Martelletti
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2024-10-01
Series:The Journal of Headache and Pain
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-024-01889-x
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author Alberto Raggi
Matilde Leonardi
Marco Arruda
Valeria Caponnetto
Matteo Castaldo
Gianluca Coppola
Adriana Della Pietra
Xiangning Fan
David Garcia-Azorin
Parisa Gazerani
Lou Grangeon
Licia Grazzi
Fu-Jung Hsiao
Keiko Ihara
Alejandro Labastida-Ramirez
Kristin Sophie Lange
Marco Lisicki
Alessia Marcassoli
Danilo Antonio Montisano
Dilara Onan
Agnese Onofri
Lanfranco Pellesi
Mario Peres
Igor Petrušić
Bianca Raffaelli
Eloisa Rubio-Beltran
Andreas Straube
Sebastian Straube
Tsubasa Takizawa
Claudio Tana
Michela Tinelli
Massimiliano Valeriani
Simone Vigneri
Doga Vuralli
Marta Waliszewska-Prosół
Wei Wang
Yonggang Wang
William Wells-Gatnik
Tissa Wijeratne
Paolo Martelletti
author_facet Alberto Raggi
Matilde Leonardi
Marco Arruda
Valeria Caponnetto
Matteo Castaldo
Gianluca Coppola
Adriana Della Pietra
Xiangning Fan
David Garcia-Azorin
Parisa Gazerani
Lou Grangeon
Licia Grazzi
Fu-Jung Hsiao
Keiko Ihara
Alejandro Labastida-Ramirez
Kristin Sophie Lange
Marco Lisicki
Alessia Marcassoli
Danilo Antonio Montisano
Dilara Onan
Agnese Onofri
Lanfranco Pellesi
Mario Peres
Igor Petrušić
Bianca Raffaelli
Eloisa Rubio-Beltran
Andreas Straube
Sebastian Straube
Tsubasa Takizawa
Claudio Tana
Michela Tinelli
Massimiliano Valeriani
Simone Vigneri
Doga Vuralli
Marta Waliszewska-Prosół
Wei Wang
Yonggang Wang
William Wells-Gatnik
Tissa Wijeratne
Paolo Martelletti
author_sort Alberto Raggi
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background and aim Migraine is a common disabling conditions which, globally, affects 15.2% of the population. It is the second cause of health loss in terms of years lived with disability, the first among women. Despite being so common, it is poorly recognised and too often undertreated. Specialty centres and neurologists with specific expertise on headache disorders have the knowledge to provide specific care: however, those who do not regularly treat patients with migraine will benefit from a synopsis on the most relevant and updated information about this condition. This paper presents a comprehensive view on the hallmarks of migraine, from genetics and diagnostic markers, up to treatments and societal impact, and reports the elements that identify migraine specific features. Main results The most relevant hallmark of migraine is that it has common and individual features together. Besides the known clinical manifestations, migraine presentation is heterogeneous with regard to frequency of attacks, presence of aura, response to therapy, associated comorbidities or other symptoms, which likely reflect migraine heterogeneous genetic and molecular basis. The amount of therapies for acute and for prophylactic treatment is really wide, and one of the difficulties is with finding the best treatment for the single patient. In addition to this, patients carry out different daily life activities, and might show lifestyle habits which are not entirely adequate to manage migraine day by day. Education will be more and more important as a strategy of brain health promotion, because this will enable reducing the amount of subjects needing specialty care, thus leaving it to those who require it in reason of refractory condition or presence of comorbidities. Conclusions Recognizing the hallmarks of migraine and the features of single patients enables prescribing specific pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Medical research on headaches today particularly suffers from the syndrome of single-disease approach, but it is important to have a cross-sectional and joint vision with other close specialties, in order to treat our patients with a comprehensive approach that a heterogeneous condition like migraine requires.
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spelling doaj-art-cbdab7101f184ba19ef009c2d6b3420c2025-08-20T03:46:11ZengBMCThe Journal of Headache and Pain1129-23772024-10-0125114710.1186/s10194-024-01889-xHallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraineAlberto Raggi0Matilde Leonardi1Marco Arruda2Valeria Caponnetto3Matteo Castaldo4Gianluca Coppola5Adriana Della Pietra6Xiangning Fan7David Garcia-Azorin8Parisa Gazerani9Lou Grangeon10Licia Grazzi11Fu-Jung Hsiao12Keiko Ihara13Alejandro Labastida-Ramirez14Kristin Sophie Lange15Marco Lisicki16Alessia Marcassoli17Danilo Antonio Montisano18Dilara Onan19Agnese Onofri20Lanfranco Pellesi21Mario Peres22Igor Petrušić23Bianca Raffaelli24Eloisa Rubio-Beltran25Andreas Straube26Sebastian Straube27Tsubasa Takizawa28Claudio Tana29Michela Tinelli30Massimiliano Valeriani31Simone Vigneri32Doga Vuralli33Marta Waliszewska-Prosół34Wei Wang35Yonggang Wang36William Wells-Gatnik37Tissa Wijeratne38Paolo Martelletti39Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaNeurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaDepartment of Neuroscience, Glia InstituteDepartment of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’AquilaDepartment of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, CNAP, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg UniversityDepartment of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino ICOTDept. Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaDepartment of Medicine, University of AlbertaDepartment of Medicine, Toxicology and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of ValladolidDepartment of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, CNAP, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg UniversityNeurology Department, CHU de RouenNeuroalgology Unit and Headache Center, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaBrain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityDepartment of Neurology, Keio University School of MedicineDivision of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of ManchesterDepartment of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu BerlinInstituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de CórdobaNeurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaNeuroalgology Unit and Headache Center, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo BestaDepartment of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Heath Sciences, Yozgat Bozok UniversityDepartment of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’AquilaDepartment of Public Health Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern DenmarkHospital Israelita Albert EinsteinLaboratory for Advanced Analysis of Neuroimages, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of BelgradeDepartment of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu BerlinHeadache Group, Wolfson SPaRC, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College LondonDepartment of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU MunichDepartment of Medicine, University of AlbertaDepartment of Neurology, Keio University School of MedicineCenter of Excellence On Headache and Geriatrics Clinic, SS Annunziata Hospital of ChietiCare Policy Evaluation Centre (CPEC), London School of Economics and Political ScienceSystems Medicine Department, University of Tor VergataNeurology and Neurophysiology Service - Pain Medicine Unit, Santa Maria Maddalena HospitalDepartment of Neurology and Algology, Neuropsychiatry Center, Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Gazi University Faculty of MedicineDivision of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical UniversityDepartment of Neurology, Headache Center, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang UniversityBeijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical UniversityUnitelma Sapienza University of RomeDepartment of Neurology, Sunshine HospitalUnitelma Sapienza University of RomeAbstract Background and aim Migraine is a common disabling conditions which, globally, affects 15.2% of the population. It is the second cause of health loss in terms of years lived with disability, the first among women. Despite being so common, it is poorly recognised and too often undertreated. Specialty centres and neurologists with specific expertise on headache disorders have the knowledge to provide specific care: however, those who do not regularly treat patients with migraine will benefit from a synopsis on the most relevant and updated information about this condition. This paper presents a comprehensive view on the hallmarks of migraine, from genetics and diagnostic markers, up to treatments and societal impact, and reports the elements that identify migraine specific features. Main results The most relevant hallmark of migraine is that it has common and individual features together. Besides the known clinical manifestations, migraine presentation is heterogeneous with regard to frequency of attacks, presence of aura, response to therapy, associated comorbidities or other symptoms, which likely reflect migraine heterogeneous genetic and molecular basis. The amount of therapies for acute and for prophylactic treatment is really wide, and one of the difficulties is with finding the best treatment for the single patient. In addition to this, patients carry out different daily life activities, and might show lifestyle habits which are not entirely adequate to manage migraine day by day. Education will be more and more important as a strategy of brain health promotion, because this will enable reducing the amount of subjects needing specialty care, thus leaving it to those who require it in reason of refractory condition or presence of comorbidities. Conclusions Recognizing the hallmarks of migraine and the features of single patients enables prescribing specific pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. Medical research on headaches today particularly suffers from the syndrome of single-disease approach, but it is important to have a cross-sectional and joint vision with other close specialties, in order to treat our patients with a comprehensive approach that a heterogeneous condition like migraine requires.https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-024-01889-xMigraineAuraMedication overuse headacheCalcitonin gene-related peptideCGRPGepants
spellingShingle Alberto Raggi
Matilde Leonardi
Marco Arruda
Valeria Caponnetto
Matteo Castaldo
Gianluca Coppola
Adriana Della Pietra
Xiangning Fan
David Garcia-Azorin
Parisa Gazerani
Lou Grangeon
Licia Grazzi
Fu-Jung Hsiao
Keiko Ihara
Alejandro Labastida-Ramirez
Kristin Sophie Lange
Marco Lisicki
Alessia Marcassoli
Danilo Antonio Montisano
Dilara Onan
Agnese Onofri
Lanfranco Pellesi
Mario Peres
Igor Petrušić
Bianca Raffaelli
Eloisa Rubio-Beltran
Andreas Straube
Sebastian Straube
Tsubasa Takizawa
Claudio Tana
Michela Tinelli
Massimiliano Valeriani
Simone Vigneri
Doga Vuralli
Marta Waliszewska-Prosół
Wei Wang
Yonggang Wang
William Wells-Gatnik
Tissa Wijeratne
Paolo Martelletti
Hallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraine
The Journal of Headache and Pain
Migraine
Aura
Medication overuse headache
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
CGRP
Gepants
title Hallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraine
title_full Hallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraine
title_fullStr Hallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraine
title_full_unstemmed Hallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraine
title_short Hallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraine
title_sort hallmarks of primary headache part 1 migraine
topic Migraine
Aura
Medication overuse headache
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
CGRP
Gepants
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-024-01889-x
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