Effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of inter-individual response differences in randomized controlled trials
Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate: (a) the effects of aerobic training (AT) on brachial artery endothelial function, measured by flow-mediated dilatation (baFMD) and whether changes in baFMD are associated with changes in other cardiovascular health markers in healthy adults; (b) w...
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2025-04-01
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| Series: | BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01124-3 |
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| author | Armin H. Paravlic Kristina Drole |
| author_facet | Armin H. Paravlic Kristina Drole |
| author_sort | Armin H. Paravlic |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate: (a) the effects of aerobic training (AT) on brachial artery endothelial function, measured by flow-mediated dilatation (baFMD) and whether changes in baFMD are associated with changes in other cardiovascular health markers in healthy adults; (b) whether intra-individual response differences (IIRD) in baFMD improvement exist following AT; and (c) the association between participants’ baseline characteristics and exercise-induced changes in baFMD. Methods The search conducted across six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EBSCOhost) identified 12 eligible studies. We conducted both traditional meta-analyses identifying the effects of the intervention and IIRD. IIRD meta-analysis was performed to assess if true IIRD between AT and the control group exists for baFMD. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed by the PEDro scale, while GRADE assessment was used for certainty of evidence evaluation. Results In total, 12 studies with 385 participants (51% male, 46.3 ± 17.3 [years]) were included in the current review. Meta-analysis revealed improvement in baFMD post-AT (small MD = 1.92%, 95% CI 0.90 to 2.94, p = 0.001). The standard deviation of change scores in the intervention and control groups suggests that most of the variation in the observed change from pre-to-post intervention is due to other factors (e.g., measurement error, biological variability etc.) unrelated to the intervention itself. However, subgroup meta-analysis revealed that significantly trivial IIRD exists following AT in prehypertensive individuals. Conclusions The study found small improvements in baFMD, suggesting an average 19.2% reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with some individuals—such as prehypertensive individuals—potentially experiencing even greater benefits from AT. However, a meta-analysis based on IIRD suggests that factors unrelated to AT predominantly explain baFMD changes. Further research is needed to better understand response variability in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors, and longer studies are required to assess IIRD in the general population. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cbccf0404c284a1d804211b5e116836f |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2052-1847 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation |
| spelling | doaj-art-cbccf0404c284a1d804211b5e116836f2025-08-20T03:10:18ZengBMCBMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation2052-18472025-04-0117111710.1186/s13102-025-01124-3Effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of inter-individual response differences in randomized controlled trialsArmin H. Paravlic0Kristina Drole1Faculty of Sport, University of LjubljanaFaculty of Sport, University of LjubljanaAbstract Background This study aimed to investigate: (a) the effects of aerobic training (AT) on brachial artery endothelial function, measured by flow-mediated dilatation (baFMD) and whether changes in baFMD are associated with changes in other cardiovascular health markers in healthy adults; (b) whether intra-individual response differences (IIRD) in baFMD improvement exist following AT; and (c) the association between participants’ baseline characteristics and exercise-induced changes in baFMD. Methods The search conducted across six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EBSCOhost) identified 12 eligible studies. We conducted both traditional meta-analyses identifying the effects of the intervention and IIRD. IIRD meta-analysis was performed to assess if true IIRD between AT and the control group exists for baFMD. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed by the PEDro scale, while GRADE assessment was used for certainty of evidence evaluation. Results In total, 12 studies with 385 participants (51% male, 46.3 ± 17.3 [years]) were included in the current review. Meta-analysis revealed improvement in baFMD post-AT (small MD = 1.92%, 95% CI 0.90 to 2.94, p = 0.001). The standard deviation of change scores in the intervention and control groups suggests that most of the variation in the observed change from pre-to-post intervention is due to other factors (e.g., measurement error, biological variability etc.) unrelated to the intervention itself. However, subgroup meta-analysis revealed that significantly trivial IIRD exists following AT in prehypertensive individuals. Conclusions The study found small improvements in baFMD, suggesting an average 19.2% reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with some individuals—such as prehypertensive individuals—potentially experiencing even greater benefits from AT. However, a meta-analysis based on IIRD suggests that factors unrelated to AT predominantly explain baFMD changes. Further research is needed to better understand response variability in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors, and longer studies are required to assess IIRD in the general population.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01124-3Brachial artery reactive hyperemiaEndothelial dysfunctionCardiovascular healthAdultsExerciseIntra-individual response |
| spellingShingle | Armin H. Paravlic Kristina Drole Effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of inter-individual response differences in randomized controlled trials BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation Brachial artery reactive hyperemia Endothelial dysfunction Cardiovascular health Adults Exercise Intra-individual response |
| title | Effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of inter-individual response differences in randomized controlled trials |
| title_full | Effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of inter-individual response differences in randomized controlled trials |
| title_fullStr | Effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of inter-individual response differences in randomized controlled trials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of inter-individual response differences in randomized controlled trials |
| title_short | Effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of inter-individual response differences in randomized controlled trials |
| title_sort | effects of aerobic training on brachial artery flow mediated dilation in healthy adults a meta analysis of inter individual response differences in randomized controlled trials |
| topic | Brachial artery reactive hyperemia Endothelial dysfunction Cardiovascular health Adults Exercise Intra-individual response |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01124-3 |
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