High Resolution Imaging Using Micro-Objectives Fabricated by 2-Photon-Polymerization
We experimentally demonstrate high-resolution imaging using micro-objectives fabricated by two-photon polymerization (2PP) lithography, highlighting its potential as a flexible and precise fabrication method. The 2PP manufacturing process offers the ability to develop micro-optics with customized ge...
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MDPI AG
2025-08-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8756 |
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| author | Fabian Thiemicke Mostafa Agour Ralf B. Bergmann Claas Falldorf |
| author_facet | Fabian Thiemicke Mostafa Agour Ralf B. Bergmann Claas Falldorf |
| author_sort | Fabian Thiemicke |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We experimentally demonstrate high-resolution imaging using micro-objectives fabricated by two-photon polymerization (2PP) lithography, highlighting its potential as a flexible and precise fabrication method. The 2PP manufacturing process offers the ability to develop micro-optics with customized geometries and material properties, including tailored refractive indices. This flexibility introduces new degrees of freedom in optical system design and expands the applicability of micro-optics to advanced imaging tasks where other materials and fabrication methods are insufficient. For our study, bi-convex micro-optics with different geometries with radii of curvature of <15 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m and minimized contact areas (<1 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>) to ensure easy release from the substrate were fabricated with 2PP and investigated for their optical performance. With these micro-optics, the tracks with a pitch of 320 nm and the pits and lands as small as 130 nm were successfully resolved on a BluRay disc surface, demonstrating for the first time the high-resolution imaging capabilities of bi-convex spherical micro lenses. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cbc4dd49685747b8a6b3a98c7cb965ab |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-cbc4dd49685747b8a6b3a98c7cb965ab2025-08-20T03:02:55ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-08-011515875610.3390/app15158756High Resolution Imaging Using Micro-Objectives Fabricated by 2-Photon-PolymerizationFabian Thiemicke0Mostafa Agour1Ralf B. Bergmann2Claas Falldorf3BIAS—Bremer Institut für Angewandte Strahltechnik, 28359 Bremen, GermanyBIAS—Bremer Institut für Angewandte Strahltechnik, 28359 Bremen, GermanyBIAS—Bremer Institut für Angewandte Strahltechnik, 28359 Bremen, GermanyBIAS—Bremer Institut für Angewandte Strahltechnik, 28359 Bremen, GermanyWe experimentally demonstrate high-resolution imaging using micro-objectives fabricated by two-photon polymerization (2PP) lithography, highlighting its potential as a flexible and precise fabrication method. The 2PP manufacturing process offers the ability to develop micro-optics with customized geometries and material properties, including tailored refractive indices. This flexibility introduces new degrees of freedom in optical system design and expands the applicability of micro-optics to advanced imaging tasks where other materials and fabrication methods are insufficient. For our study, bi-convex micro-optics with different geometries with radii of curvature of <15 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m and minimized contact areas (<1 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>) to ensure easy release from the substrate were fabricated with 2PP and investigated for their optical performance. With these micro-optics, the tracks with a pitch of 320 nm and the pits and lands as small as 130 nm were successfully resolved on a BluRay disc surface, demonstrating for the first time the high-resolution imaging capabilities of bi-convex spherical micro lenses.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8756high resolution imagingmicro-spheres2-photon-polymerization |
| spellingShingle | Fabian Thiemicke Mostafa Agour Ralf B. Bergmann Claas Falldorf High Resolution Imaging Using Micro-Objectives Fabricated by 2-Photon-Polymerization Applied Sciences high resolution imaging micro-spheres 2-photon-polymerization |
| title | High Resolution Imaging Using Micro-Objectives Fabricated by 2-Photon-Polymerization |
| title_full | High Resolution Imaging Using Micro-Objectives Fabricated by 2-Photon-Polymerization |
| title_fullStr | High Resolution Imaging Using Micro-Objectives Fabricated by 2-Photon-Polymerization |
| title_full_unstemmed | High Resolution Imaging Using Micro-Objectives Fabricated by 2-Photon-Polymerization |
| title_short | High Resolution Imaging Using Micro-Objectives Fabricated by 2-Photon-Polymerization |
| title_sort | high resolution imaging using micro objectives fabricated by 2 photon polymerization |
| topic | high resolution imaging micro-spheres 2-photon-polymerization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8756 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fabianthiemicke highresolutionimagingusingmicroobjectivesfabricatedby2photonpolymerization AT mostafaagour highresolutionimagingusingmicroobjectivesfabricatedby2photonpolymerization AT ralfbbergmann highresolutionimagingusingmicroobjectivesfabricatedby2photonpolymerization AT claasfalldorf highresolutionimagingusingmicroobjectivesfabricatedby2photonpolymerization |