Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Produced by Different 3–230 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Cells Failed Using External Heat, Overcharge and Nail Penetration Under Air and Inert Atmospheres
This paper reports on the failure of cells with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry tested under a range of conditions to understand their effect on the volume and composition of gas generated. Cells of the following formats, 26,650, pouch, and prismatic, and capacities ranging from 3 to 230 Ah,...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Gemma E. Howard Jonathan E. H. Buston Jason Gill Steven L. Goddard Jack W. Mellor Philip A. P. Reeve |
| author_facet | Gemma E. Howard Jonathan E. H. Buston Jason Gill Steven L. Goddard Jack W. Mellor Philip A. P. Reeve |
| author_sort | Gemma E. Howard |
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| description | This paper reports on the failure of cells with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry tested under a range of conditions to understand their effect on the volume and composition of gas generated. Cells of the following formats, 26,650, pouch, and prismatic, and capacities ranging from 3 to 230 Ah, were subjected to external heat, overcharge, and nail penetration tests. Gas volume was calculated, and the following gases analysed: H<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, and C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>. Cells that failed via external heating under inert conditions (N<sub>2</sub> or Ar atmosphere) at 100% state of charge (SoC) typically generated 0.7 L/Ah of gas; overcharged cells, 0.11–0.68 L/Ah; and nail penetration between 0.3 and 0.5 L/Ah. In general, for all test configurations, regardless of atmosphere, the total gas volume contained a 40% concentration of H<sub>2</sub>, 15% of CO<sub>2</sub>, and the remaining gas consisted of varying concentrations of CO and flammable hydrocarbons. This demonstrates that despite differences in gas volume, the failure gas composition of LFP cells remains similar. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-cbb5e49fd49647ad8f730baba3a6930e2025-08-20T03:58:31ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052025-07-0111726710.3390/batteries11070267Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Produced by Different 3–230 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Cells Failed Using External Heat, Overcharge and Nail Penetration Under Air and Inert AtmospheresGemma E. Howard0Jonathan E. H. Buston1Jason Gill2Steven L. Goddard3Jack W. Mellor4Philip A. P. Reeve5HSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UKHSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UKHSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UKHSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UKHSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UKHSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UKThis paper reports on the failure of cells with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry tested under a range of conditions to understand their effect on the volume and composition of gas generated. Cells of the following formats, 26,650, pouch, and prismatic, and capacities ranging from 3 to 230 Ah, were subjected to external heat, overcharge, and nail penetration tests. Gas volume was calculated, and the following gases analysed: H<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, and C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>. Cells that failed via external heating under inert conditions (N<sub>2</sub> or Ar atmosphere) at 100% state of charge (SoC) typically generated 0.7 L/Ah of gas; overcharged cells, 0.11–0.68 L/Ah; and nail penetration between 0.3 and 0.5 L/Ah. In general, for all test configurations, regardless of atmosphere, the total gas volume contained a 40% concentration of H<sub>2</sub>, 15% of CO<sub>2</sub>, and the remaining gas consisted of varying concentrations of CO and flammable hydrocarbons. This demonstrates that despite differences in gas volume, the failure gas composition of LFP cells remains similar.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/7/267Li-ionlithium iron phosphate (LFP)gas analysisgas volume22,650pouch cell |
| spellingShingle | Gemma E. Howard Jonathan E. H. Buston Jason Gill Steven L. Goddard Jack W. Mellor Philip A. P. Reeve Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Produced by Different 3–230 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Cells Failed Using External Heat, Overcharge and Nail Penetration Under Air and Inert Atmospheres Batteries Li-ion lithium iron phosphate (LFP) gas analysis gas volume 22,650 pouch cell |
| title | Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Produced by Different 3–230 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Cells Failed Using External Heat, Overcharge and Nail Penetration Under Air and Inert Atmospheres |
| title_full | Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Produced by Different 3–230 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Cells Failed Using External Heat, Overcharge and Nail Penetration Under Air and Inert Atmospheres |
| title_fullStr | Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Produced by Different 3–230 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Cells Failed Using External Heat, Overcharge and Nail Penetration Under Air and Inert Atmospheres |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Produced by Different 3–230 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Cells Failed Using External Heat, Overcharge and Nail Penetration Under Air and Inert Atmospheres |
| title_short | Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Produced by Different 3–230 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Cells Failed Using External Heat, Overcharge and Nail Penetration Under Air and Inert Atmospheres |
| title_sort | comprehensive study of the gas volume and composition produced by different 3 230 ah lithium iron phosphate lfp cells failed using external heat overcharge and nail penetration under air and inert atmospheres |
| topic | Li-ion lithium iron phosphate (LFP) gas analysis gas volume 22,650 pouch cell |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/7/267 |
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