High-Performance ZIF-7@PANI Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Trace Cadmium and Lead Detection in Water Samples: A Box–Behnken Design Optimization Approach

High-Performance ZIF-7@PANI Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Trace Cadmium and Lead Detection in Water Samples: A Box–Behnken Design Optimization Approach

This study presents the development of an innovative electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of cadmium (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) and lead (Pb<sup>2+</sup>) ions in environmental samples. The sensor is developed based on a composite material of zeolite imidazolate frame...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Sondes Guesmi, Nashwan H. Ali, Nadhem Missaoui, Zouhaier Aloui, Chama Mabrouk, Carlos Castilla Martinez, Fraj Echouchene, Houcine Barhoumi, Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault, Hamza Kahri
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Sensors
Subjects:
ZIF-7@PANI composite
electrochemical sensor
heavy metal detection
Box–Behnken design
cadmium and lead sensing
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/5/1336
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Summary:This study presents the development of an innovative electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of cadmium (Cd<sup>2+</sup>) and lead (Pb<sup>2+</sup>) ions in environmental samples. The sensor is developed based on a composite material of zeolite imidazolate framework ZIF-7 and polyaniline (PANI), referred to as ZIF-7@PANI, where ZIF-7 is rapidly synthesized at room temperature and polyaniline used to enhance the conductivity of the composite. Characterization via X-ray diffraction (DRX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed successful synthesis. The composite was applied to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using drop-casting for heavy metal ion detection. Experimental parameters—including pH, incubation time, deposited quantity, and drying time—were optimized using the Box–Behnken design. Under optimal conditions, the ZIF-7@PANI/GCE sensor demonstrated a broad dynamic concentration range (0.002–1 µM for Pb<sup>2+</sup> and 0.02–30 µM for Cd<sup>2+</sup>), with low detection limits (2.96 nM for Pb<sup>2+</sup> and 10.6 nM for Cd<sup>2+</sup>). It also exhibited strong anti-interference properties and high recovery rates (85–110%), highlighting its potential for real practical applications.
ISSN:1424-8220

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