Freeze-resistant wearable strain sensors based on hyperbranched cellulose nanofiber hydrogels
Hydrogel sensors are becoming increasingly important for electronic devices because of their flexibility, versatility, and high sensitivity, especially in applications that necessitate compatibility with human skin. However, creating hydrogel sensors that maintain high toughness and antifreeze prope...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Results in Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025027987 |
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| author | Houhuang Tao Xue Yu Lanqing Li Maria De Los Angeles Na Wang |
| author_facet | Houhuang Tao Xue Yu Lanqing Li Maria De Los Angeles Na Wang |
| author_sort | Houhuang Tao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydrogel sensors are becoming increasingly important for electronic devices because of their flexibility, versatility, and high sensitivity, especially in applications that necessitate compatibility with human skin. However, creating hydrogel sensors that maintain high toughness and antifreeze properties in extreme cold conditions continues to be a challenge. This study introduces phytic acid (PA) into a hyperbranched polyamide (HBP)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) interacting network to develop a freezing-resistant, high-toughness hydrogel with sustained electrical conductivity (HBP/CNF-PA). The terminal amino groups of the HBP enhance hydrogen bonding, thereby improving the mechanical strength and conductivity of the hydrogel. The resulting HBP/CNF-PA hydrogels exhibit a tensile strength of 219.7 kPa, a compressive strength of 0.87 MPa, and dissipate energy at a rate of 795 kJ·m-3, along with a conductivity of 0.45 S·cm-1 and exceptional frost resistance, extending down to -40°°C, due to the ionization induced by PA. Hydrogels were utilized to create flexible sensors with a sensitivity of up to 1.34 V·g-1. The sensors detect signals with a time interval of just 197 ms and 215 ms, capable of identifying changes in relative resistance caused by wrist flexion, gestures, and voice movements. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cb11e5ec77c8420d9f0c0ea8eb614dc0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-cb11e5ec77c8420d9f0c0ea8eb614dc02025-08-20T05:07:38ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-09-012710673110.1016/j.rineng.2025.106731Freeze-resistant wearable strain sensors based on hyperbranched cellulose nanofiber hydrogelsHouhuang Tao0Xue Yu1Lanqing Li2Maria De Los Angeles3Na Wang4College of Intelligent Transportation Modern Industry, Anhui Sanlian University, Anhui 230601, ChinaCollege of Intelligent Transportation Modern Industry, Anhui Sanlian University, Anhui 230601, ChinaCollege of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 618103, ChinaDepartment of chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaCollege of Intelligent Transportation Modern Industry, Anhui Sanlian University, Anhui 230601, China; Corresponding author.Hydrogel sensors are becoming increasingly important for electronic devices because of their flexibility, versatility, and high sensitivity, especially in applications that necessitate compatibility with human skin. However, creating hydrogel sensors that maintain high toughness and antifreeze properties in extreme cold conditions continues to be a challenge. This study introduces phytic acid (PA) into a hyperbranched polyamide (HBP)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) interacting network to develop a freezing-resistant, high-toughness hydrogel with sustained electrical conductivity (HBP/CNF-PA). The terminal amino groups of the HBP enhance hydrogen bonding, thereby improving the mechanical strength and conductivity of the hydrogel. The resulting HBP/CNF-PA hydrogels exhibit a tensile strength of 219.7 kPa, a compressive strength of 0.87 MPa, and dissipate energy at a rate of 795 kJ·m-3, along with a conductivity of 0.45 S·cm-1 and exceptional frost resistance, extending down to -40°°C, due to the ionization induced by PA. Hydrogels were utilized to create flexible sensors with a sensitivity of up to 1.34 V·g-1. The sensors detect signals with a time interval of just 197 ms and 215 ms, capable of identifying changes in relative resistance caused by wrist flexion, gestures, and voice movements.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025027987Hydrogel sensorWearable sensorFreeze resistanceMotion detectionHyperbranched polyamide |
| spellingShingle | Houhuang Tao Xue Yu Lanqing Li Maria De Los Angeles Na Wang Freeze-resistant wearable strain sensors based on hyperbranched cellulose nanofiber hydrogels Results in Engineering Hydrogel sensor Wearable sensor Freeze resistance Motion detection Hyperbranched polyamide |
| title | Freeze-resistant wearable strain sensors based on hyperbranched cellulose nanofiber hydrogels |
| title_full | Freeze-resistant wearable strain sensors based on hyperbranched cellulose nanofiber hydrogels |
| title_fullStr | Freeze-resistant wearable strain sensors based on hyperbranched cellulose nanofiber hydrogels |
| title_full_unstemmed | Freeze-resistant wearable strain sensors based on hyperbranched cellulose nanofiber hydrogels |
| title_short | Freeze-resistant wearable strain sensors based on hyperbranched cellulose nanofiber hydrogels |
| title_sort | freeze resistant wearable strain sensors based on hyperbranched cellulose nanofiber hydrogels |
| topic | Hydrogel sensor Wearable sensor Freeze resistance Motion detection Hyperbranched polyamide |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025027987 |
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