Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells

Three dimensional (3D) printing materials are widely used in dental applications, but their biocompatibility and interactions with human cells require evaluation. This study aimed to identify materials meeting biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and tissue-forming requirements for safe dental app...

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Main Authors: Li Xiao, Naohiro Shimamura, Takashi Kamio, Ryoji Ide, Mai Mochizuki, Taka Nakahara
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Cells
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/3/167
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author Li Xiao
Naohiro Shimamura
Takashi Kamio
Ryoji Ide
Mai Mochizuki
Taka Nakahara
author_facet Li Xiao
Naohiro Shimamura
Takashi Kamio
Ryoji Ide
Mai Mochizuki
Taka Nakahara
author_sort Li Xiao
collection DOAJ
description Three dimensional (3D) printing materials are widely used in dental applications, but their biocompatibility and interactions with human cells require evaluation. This study aimed to identify materials meeting biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and tissue-forming requirements for safe dental applications. We assessed the cytotoxicity of resins and thermoplastic filaments in human HaCaT keratinocytes, gingival fibroblasts (hGFs), and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) using PrestoBlue assays. Three resins, including two types of surgical guide resins, exhibited strong cytotoxicity after 4–72 h, while 2 h exposure to an FDA-approved surgical guide resin did not affect SHED cell viability. In contrast, six thermoplastic filaments showed no significant cytotoxicity even after 72 h. Among these, polycarbonate–acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC-ABS) demonstrated excellent toughness, heat resistance, and surface quality at a low cost. SHED cells cultured on PC-ABS dishes and micro bone structures showed strong proliferation and osteogenic potential. Culture inserts made of PC-ABS also supported the growth of HaCaT keratinocytes and the hGFs formed gingival tissue, which was superior to that formed on commercially available PET inserts. In conclusion, PC-ABS is a promising 3D printing material for dental applications due to its biocompatibility, ability to promote osteogenesis, and support for gingival tissue formation, with no observed cytotoxicity.
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spelling doaj-art-cb0b453c0470441abd0a2b26a1589e622025-08-20T02:12:24ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092025-01-0114316710.3390/cells14030167Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human CellsLi Xiao0Naohiro Shimamura1Takashi Kamio2Ryoji Ide3Mai Mochizuki4Taka Nakahara5Department of Physiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, JapanDepartment of Dental Anesthesiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, JapanDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, JapanDepartment of Physiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, JapanDepartment of Developmental and Regenerative Dentistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, JapanDepartment of Developmental and Regenerative Dentistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, JapanThree dimensional (3D) printing materials are widely used in dental applications, but their biocompatibility and interactions with human cells require evaluation. This study aimed to identify materials meeting biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and tissue-forming requirements for safe dental applications. We assessed the cytotoxicity of resins and thermoplastic filaments in human HaCaT keratinocytes, gingival fibroblasts (hGFs), and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) using PrestoBlue assays. Three resins, including two types of surgical guide resins, exhibited strong cytotoxicity after 4–72 h, while 2 h exposure to an FDA-approved surgical guide resin did not affect SHED cell viability. In contrast, six thermoplastic filaments showed no significant cytotoxicity even after 72 h. Among these, polycarbonate–acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC-ABS) demonstrated excellent toughness, heat resistance, and surface quality at a low cost. SHED cells cultured on PC-ABS dishes and micro bone structures showed strong proliferation and osteogenic potential. Culture inserts made of PC-ABS also supported the growth of HaCaT keratinocytes and the hGFs formed gingival tissue, which was superior to that formed on commercially available PET inserts. In conclusion, PC-ABS is a promising 3D printing material for dental applications due to its biocompatibility, ability to promote osteogenesis, and support for gingival tissue formation, with no observed cytotoxicity.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/3/1673D-printing technologybiocompatibilitysurgical guide resinPEEKPC-ABSosteogenesis
spellingShingle Li Xiao
Naohiro Shimamura
Takashi Kamio
Ryoji Ide
Mai Mochizuki
Taka Nakahara
Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells
Cells
3D-printing technology
biocompatibility
surgical guide resin
PEEK
PC-ABS
osteogenesis
title Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells
title_full Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells
title_fullStr Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells
title_full_unstemmed Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells
title_short Polycarbonate–Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Three Dimensional Printing Material Exhibits Biocompatibility and Enhances Osteogenesis and Gingival Tissue Formation with Human Cells
title_sort polycarbonate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene three dimensional printing material exhibits biocompatibility and enhances osteogenesis and gingival tissue formation with human cells
topic 3D-printing technology
biocompatibility
surgical guide resin
PEEK
PC-ABS
osteogenesis
url https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/3/167
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