Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Naproxen Using 5% Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub>, Transformation Products, and Mechanistic Studies
The presence of drugs in wastewater effluent is of concern due to their effects on the aquatic fauna and flora and there are growing efforts for their removal from the environment. In this paper, we study the photocatalytic visible-light degradation of naproxen, an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| author | Sarah Ahmed Hasan Abbas Khaleel Soleiman Hisaindee Mohammed A. Meetani |
| author_facet | Sarah Ahmed Hasan Abbas Khaleel Soleiman Hisaindee Mohammed A. Meetani |
| author_sort | Sarah Ahmed Hasan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The presence of drugs in wastewater effluent is of concern due to their effects on the aquatic fauna and flora and there are growing efforts for their removal from the environment. In this paper, we study the photocatalytic visible-light degradation of naproxen, an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drug, using 5% copper-doped TiO<sub>2</sub>. The photocatalyst was characterized by XRD and BET surface area measurements. The optimal conditions for the degradation of 1 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M of naproxen were found to be 3 h, with a catalyst loading of 50 mg/100 mL of the drug solution, and an acidic pH of 4.55. The degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics and achieved a photodegradation efficiency of 44.8%. HPLC was used to separate the degradation products and their structures were determined using MS/MS data. A pathway for the degradation of naproxen is proposed along with degradation mechanisms. The major degradation events involve the formation of hydroxyl radicals, hydroxylation, keto-enol tautomerism, and decarboxylation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-cb0262c2cc6d4c69a822dc5f0f3bd499 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-cb0262c2cc6d4c69a822dc5f0f3bd4992025-08-20T02:50:38ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492024-12-012923575210.3390/molecules29235752Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Naproxen Using 5% Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub>, Transformation Products, and Mechanistic StudiesSarah Ahmed Hasan0Abbas Khaleel1Soleiman Hisaindee2Mohammed A. Meetani3Chemistry Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab EmiratesChemistry Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab EmiratesChemistry Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab EmiratesChemistry Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab EmiratesThe presence of drugs in wastewater effluent is of concern due to their effects on the aquatic fauna and flora and there are growing efforts for their removal from the environment. In this paper, we study the photocatalytic visible-light degradation of naproxen, an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drug, using 5% copper-doped TiO<sub>2</sub>. The photocatalyst was characterized by XRD and BET surface area measurements. The optimal conditions for the degradation of 1 × 10<sup>−3</sup> M of naproxen were found to be 3 h, with a catalyst loading of 50 mg/100 mL of the drug solution, and an acidic pH of 4.55. The degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics and achieved a photodegradation efficiency of 44.8%. HPLC was used to separate the degradation products and their structures were determined using MS/MS data. A pathway for the degradation of naproxen is proposed along with degradation mechanisms. The major degradation events involve the formation of hydroxyl radicals, hydroxylation, keto-enol tautomerism, and decarboxylation.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/23/5752naproxen5%Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub>visible lightphotocatalytic degradationdegradation pathwaydegradation mechanism |
| spellingShingle | Sarah Ahmed Hasan Abbas Khaleel Soleiman Hisaindee Mohammed A. Meetani Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Naproxen Using 5% Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub>, Transformation Products, and Mechanistic Studies Molecules naproxen 5%Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub> visible light photocatalytic degradation degradation pathway degradation mechanism |
| title | Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Naproxen Using 5% Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub>, Transformation Products, and Mechanistic Studies |
| title_full | Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Naproxen Using 5% Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub>, Transformation Products, and Mechanistic Studies |
| title_fullStr | Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Naproxen Using 5% Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub>, Transformation Products, and Mechanistic Studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Naproxen Using 5% Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub>, Transformation Products, and Mechanistic Studies |
| title_short | Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Naproxen Using 5% Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub>, Transformation Products, and Mechanistic Studies |
| title_sort | visible light induced photocatalytic degradation of naproxen using 5 cu tio sub 2 sub transformation products and mechanistic studies |
| topic | naproxen 5%Cu/TiO<sub>2</sub> visible light photocatalytic degradation degradation pathway degradation mechanism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/23/5752 |
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