Environmental life cycle assessment of industrial high-temperature to residential small-size heat Pumps: A critical review

The decarbonization process of the industry and the heating sector, underway in Europe, directly involves heating, cooling, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. In this context, heat pump technologies play a key role in having the ability to be powered by decarbonized energy carriers (i.e., el...

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Main Authors: Jacopo Famiglietti, Leonardo Acconito, Cordin Arpagaus, Tommaso Toppi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-04-01
Series:Energy Conversion and Management: X
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174525000790
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author Jacopo Famiglietti
Leonardo Acconito
Cordin Arpagaus
Tommaso Toppi
author_facet Jacopo Famiglietti
Leonardo Acconito
Cordin Arpagaus
Tommaso Toppi
author_sort Jacopo Famiglietti
collection DOAJ
description The decarbonization process of the industry and the heating sector, underway in Europe, directly involves heating, cooling, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. In this context, heat pump technologies play a key role in having the ability to be powered by decarbonized energy carriers (i.e., electricity from renewables for vapor compression cycle, hydrogen for absorption cycle, etc.), as well as harnessing renewable or waste heat, in different applications (i.e., industry, district heating networks, and civil sector). The European Commission considers the life cycle assessment method one of the leading methodologies for environmental metrics. Many scientific studies related to analyzing the environmental profile of heat pumps have been written using this method. With the aim to investigate the outcomes achieved and modeling approaches applied, this study reviews existing environmental life cycle assessment studies of (i) high-temperature, (ii) large-size (over 300 kWth), and (iii) medium and small-size heat pumps. In total, 19 articles containing 637 scenarios were found in the literature to be relevant to the research aim. The study analyzes different heat pump technologies (i.e., vapor compression, absorption, and indirect Stirling cycles). The analysis shows that the use phase is the main contributor: (i) average value of 94.6% for the global warming potential, (ii) 69.9% for abiotic depletion potential indicator (metals and minerals). The analysis reveals that life cycle assessment studies apply a rather narrow approach and lack variability in modeling. For future research, it is recommended that the thermodynamic behavior of the heat pumps be properly simulated or monitored. In addition, a stochastic evaluation shall be included in the analysis to reduce and highlight the uncertainty of the results, especially the global sensitivity analysis. Finally, high-temperature heat pumps shall also be investigated using the consequential approach to understand better the environmental consequences of installation in an industrial production process.
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spelling doaj-art-caefef1f58974920a80d8e54b40287202025-08-20T03:10:27ZengElsevierEnergy Conversion and Management: X2590-17452025-04-012610094710.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100947Environmental life cycle assessment of industrial high-temperature to residential small-size heat Pumps: A critical reviewJacopo Famiglietti0Leonardo Acconito1Cordin Arpagaus2Tommaso Toppi3Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano 20156 Milano, Italy; Corresponding author.Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano 20156 Milano, ItalyOST – Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences Institute for Energy Systems, 9471 Buchs, SwitzerlandDepartment of Energy, Politecnico di Milano 20156 Milano, ItalyThe decarbonization process of the industry and the heating sector, underway in Europe, directly involves heating, cooling, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. In this context, heat pump technologies play a key role in having the ability to be powered by decarbonized energy carriers (i.e., electricity from renewables for vapor compression cycle, hydrogen for absorption cycle, etc.), as well as harnessing renewable or waste heat, in different applications (i.e., industry, district heating networks, and civil sector). The European Commission considers the life cycle assessment method one of the leading methodologies for environmental metrics. Many scientific studies related to analyzing the environmental profile of heat pumps have been written using this method. With the aim to investigate the outcomes achieved and modeling approaches applied, this study reviews existing environmental life cycle assessment studies of (i) high-temperature, (ii) large-size (over 300 kWth), and (iii) medium and small-size heat pumps. In total, 19 articles containing 637 scenarios were found in the literature to be relevant to the research aim. The study analyzes different heat pump technologies (i.e., vapor compression, absorption, and indirect Stirling cycles). The analysis shows that the use phase is the main contributor: (i) average value of 94.6% for the global warming potential, (ii) 69.9% for abiotic depletion potential indicator (metals and minerals). The analysis reveals that life cycle assessment studies apply a rather narrow approach and lack variability in modeling. For future research, it is recommended that the thermodynamic behavior of the heat pumps be properly simulated or monitored. In addition, a stochastic evaluation shall be included in the analysis to reduce and highlight the uncertainty of the results, especially the global sensitivity analysis. Finally, high-temperature heat pumps shall also be investigated using the consequential approach to understand better the environmental consequences of installation in an industrial production process.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174525000790High-temperature heat pumpsHeat pumpLife cycle assessmentConsequentialClimate changeReview
spellingShingle Jacopo Famiglietti
Leonardo Acconito
Cordin Arpagaus
Tommaso Toppi
Environmental life cycle assessment of industrial high-temperature to residential small-size heat Pumps: A critical review
Energy Conversion and Management: X
High-temperature heat pumps
Heat pump
Life cycle assessment
Consequential
Climate change
Review
title Environmental life cycle assessment of industrial high-temperature to residential small-size heat Pumps: A critical review
title_full Environmental life cycle assessment of industrial high-temperature to residential small-size heat Pumps: A critical review
title_fullStr Environmental life cycle assessment of industrial high-temperature to residential small-size heat Pumps: A critical review
title_full_unstemmed Environmental life cycle assessment of industrial high-temperature to residential small-size heat Pumps: A critical review
title_short Environmental life cycle assessment of industrial high-temperature to residential small-size heat Pumps: A critical review
title_sort environmental life cycle assessment of industrial high temperature to residential small size heat pumps a critical review
topic High-temperature heat pumps
Heat pump
Life cycle assessment
Consequential
Climate change
Review
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174525000790
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