Investigation of Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate with Calcium Carbonate Addition Using the Rietveld Method
The carbothermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate was performed with the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) as an additive. The effects of roasting temperature and CaCO<sub>3</sub> content on calcium titanate (CaTiO<sub>3</sub>) formation and metall...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Xiaoli Wang Yang Li Huajun Wang Chunbao Sun Jue Kou |
| author_facet | Xiaoli Wang Yang Li Huajun Wang Chunbao Sun Jue Kou |
| author_sort | Xiaoli Wang |
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| description | The carbothermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate was performed with the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) as an additive. The effects of roasting temperature and CaCO<sub>3</sub> content on calcium titanate (CaTiO<sub>3</sub>) formation and metallic iron reduction were investigated. The Rietveld method was employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of roasting products. It was found that as the temperature increased from 1000 °C to 1400 °C, the calcium titanate content increased from 21.95% to 83.02%. Similarly, as the CaCO<sub>3</sub> content increased, the calcium titanate content rose from 0% to 83.11%, while the metallic iron content increased from 4.52% to 10.37%. SEM-EDS analysis suggested that adding CaCO<sub>3</sub> during the carbothermic reduction of ilmenite promoted the aggregation and growth of metallic iron particles. The roasting products obtained under optimal conditions were subjected to three-stage grinding and three-stage magnetic separation. The final metallic iron product had a grade of 90.01% and a recovery rate of 91.32%. The calcium titanate product contained 55.43% TiO<sub>2</sub>, with a titanium recovery rate of 85.90%. Rietveld results indicated that the calcium titanate product had a high purity, with a content of 90.87%. This study effectively improved the comprehensive utilization of titanium and iron resources in ilmenite. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-ca38eb7f7bfc4b41839ea1d7bb0e75ee2025-08-20T02:57:20ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012024-11-011412132110.3390/met14121321Investigation of Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate with Calcium Carbonate Addition Using the Rietveld MethodXiaoli Wang0Yang Li1Huajun Wang2Chunbao Sun3Jue Kou4School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, ChinaSchool of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, ChinaThe carbothermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate was performed with the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) as an additive. The effects of roasting temperature and CaCO<sub>3</sub> content on calcium titanate (CaTiO<sub>3</sub>) formation and metallic iron reduction were investigated. The Rietveld method was employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of roasting products. It was found that as the temperature increased from 1000 °C to 1400 °C, the calcium titanate content increased from 21.95% to 83.02%. Similarly, as the CaCO<sub>3</sub> content increased, the calcium titanate content rose from 0% to 83.11%, while the metallic iron content increased from 4.52% to 10.37%. SEM-EDS analysis suggested that adding CaCO<sub>3</sub> during the carbothermic reduction of ilmenite promoted the aggregation and growth of metallic iron particles. The roasting products obtained under optimal conditions were subjected to three-stage grinding and three-stage magnetic separation. The final metallic iron product had a grade of 90.01% and a recovery rate of 91.32%. The calcium titanate product contained 55.43% TiO<sub>2</sub>, with a titanium recovery rate of 85.90%. Rietveld results indicated that the calcium titanate product had a high purity, with a content of 90.87%. This study effectively improved the comprehensive utilization of titanium and iron resources in ilmenite.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/12/1321ilmenitecarbothermic reductioncalcium titanatecalcium carbonateRietveld method |
| spellingShingle | Xiaoli Wang Yang Li Huajun Wang Chunbao Sun Jue Kou Investigation of Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate with Calcium Carbonate Addition Using the Rietveld Method Metals ilmenite carbothermic reduction calcium titanate calcium carbonate Rietveld method |
| title | Investigation of Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate with Calcium Carbonate Addition Using the Rietveld Method |
| title_full | Investigation of Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate with Calcium Carbonate Addition Using the Rietveld Method |
| title_fullStr | Investigation of Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate with Calcium Carbonate Addition Using the Rietveld Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate with Calcium Carbonate Addition Using the Rietveld Method |
| title_short | Investigation of Carbothermic Reduction of Ilmenite Concentrate with Calcium Carbonate Addition Using the Rietveld Method |
| title_sort | investigation of carbothermic reduction of ilmenite concentrate with calcium carbonate addition using the rietveld method |
| topic | ilmenite carbothermic reduction calcium titanate calcium carbonate Rietveld method |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/12/1321 |
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