Prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency in a Saudi Arabian population: a five-years retrospective study from 2017 to 2021

Vitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency poses a significant global health concern, especially prevalent in developing nations. This retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted at King Khaled Hospital in Majmaah, aimed to investigate the prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency among 22,335 individual...

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Main Authors: Yahya Madkhali, Balamurugan Janakiraman, Faisal Alsubaie, Olayan Albalawi, Saleh Alrashidy, Mohamad Alturki, Mehrunnisha Ahmed, Md Dilshad Manzar, Faizan Kashoo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-04-01
Series:Frontiers in Public Health
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1535980/full
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author Yahya Madkhali
Balamurugan Janakiraman
Faisal Alsubaie
Olayan Albalawi
Saleh Alrashidy
Mohamad Alturki
Mehrunnisha Ahmed
Md Dilshad Manzar
Faizan Kashoo
author_facet Yahya Madkhali
Balamurugan Janakiraman
Faisal Alsubaie
Olayan Albalawi
Saleh Alrashidy
Mohamad Alturki
Mehrunnisha Ahmed
Md Dilshad Manzar
Faizan Kashoo
author_sort Yahya Madkhali
collection DOAJ
description Vitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency poses a significant global health concern, especially prevalent in developing nations. This retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted at King Khaled Hospital in Majmaah, aimed to investigate the prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency among 22,335 individuals from the Saudi population from 2017 to 2021. The population for this study includes new cases visiting hospitals for routine health check-ups or related to various medical conditions, as well as individuals visiting screening camps outside hospitals in remote areas and schools. Patient data, specifically [25(OH)D] concentration measured through blood samples, were assessed by ROCH COBAS e-411 analyzers. The findings revealed a period prevalence of 67.3% (n = 15,025) for [25(OH)D] deficiency (<30 ng/mL). This included n = 6,274 (28.1%) with insufficient (20–29 ng/mL), n = 8,014 (35.9%) with deficient concentration (<20 to 7 ng/mL), and n = 737 (3.3%) with severe (<7 ng/mL) [25(OH)D] concentration. Females were predominantly affected, n = 10,442 (69.5%), compared to males, n = 4,583 (30.5%). The most affected age group was 10–19 years old, with a mean concentration of [25(OH)D] as low as 21.1 ± 11.9 ng/mL. Trend analysis revealed a significant decrease in vitamin D deficiency prevalence from 32% to 9% between 2017 and 2020, with a slight increase to 18% in 2021. The findings of this study necessitate interventions based on age-specific patterns, providing crucial insights for targeted public health strategies aimed at enhancing vitamin D status in the Saudi population, particularly among the most affected groups such as females and younger individuals within the 10-19-year age group.
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spelling doaj-art-ca15b05dfceb4eacb74a17b761f761572025-08-20T03:53:41ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652025-04-011310.3389/fpubh.2025.15359801535980Prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency in a Saudi Arabian population: a five-years retrospective study from 2017 to 2021Yahya Madkhali0Balamurugan Janakiraman1Faisal Alsubaie2Olayan Albalawi3Saleh Alrashidy4Mohamad Alturki5Mehrunnisha Ahmed6Md Dilshad Manzar7Faizan Kashoo8Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi ArabiaSRM College of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Department, Second Health Cluster, King Khaled Majmaah Hospital, Al Majma'ah, Saudi ArabiaMedical Laboratory Department, Second Health Cluster, King Khaled Majmaah Hospital, Al Majma'ah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma'ah, Saudi ArabiaVitamin D [25(OH)D] deficiency poses a significant global health concern, especially prevalent in developing nations. This retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted at King Khaled Hospital in Majmaah, aimed to investigate the prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency among 22,335 individuals from the Saudi population from 2017 to 2021. The population for this study includes new cases visiting hospitals for routine health check-ups or related to various medical conditions, as well as individuals visiting screening camps outside hospitals in remote areas and schools. Patient data, specifically [25(OH)D] concentration measured through blood samples, were assessed by ROCH COBAS e-411 analyzers. The findings revealed a period prevalence of 67.3% (n = 15,025) for [25(OH)D] deficiency (<30 ng/mL). This included n = 6,274 (28.1%) with insufficient (20–29 ng/mL), n = 8,014 (35.9%) with deficient concentration (<20 to 7 ng/mL), and n = 737 (3.3%) with severe (<7 ng/mL) [25(OH)D] concentration. Females were predominantly affected, n = 10,442 (69.5%), compared to males, n = 4,583 (30.5%). The most affected age group was 10–19 years old, with a mean concentration of [25(OH)D] as low as 21.1 ± 11.9 ng/mL. Trend analysis revealed a significant decrease in vitamin D deficiency prevalence from 32% to 9% between 2017 and 2020, with a slight increase to 18% in 2021. The findings of this study necessitate interventions based on age-specific patterns, providing crucial insights for targeted public health strategies aimed at enhancing vitamin D status in the Saudi population, particularly among the most affected groups such as females and younger individuals within the 10-19-year age group.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1535980/fullvitamin D deficiencytrendsprevalenceSaudi Arabiacross sectional analysis
spellingShingle Yahya Madkhali
Balamurugan Janakiraman
Faisal Alsubaie
Olayan Albalawi
Saleh Alrashidy
Mohamad Alturki
Mehrunnisha Ahmed
Md Dilshad Manzar
Faizan Kashoo
Prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency in a Saudi Arabian population: a five-years retrospective study from 2017 to 2021
Frontiers in Public Health
vitamin D deficiency
trends
prevalence
Saudi Arabia
cross sectional analysis
title Prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency in a Saudi Arabian population: a five-years retrospective study from 2017 to 2021
title_full Prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency in a Saudi Arabian population: a five-years retrospective study from 2017 to 2021
title_fullStr Prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency in a Saudi Arabian population: a five-years retrospective study from 2017 to 2021
title_full_unstemmed Prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency in a Saudi Arabian population: a five-years retrospective study from 2017 to 2021
title_short Prevalence and trends of vitamin D deficiency in a Saudi Arabian population: a five-years retrospective study from 2017 to 2021
title_sort prevalence and trends of vitamin d deficiency in a saudi arabian population a five years retrospective study from 2017 to 2021
topic vitamin D deficiency
trends
prevalence
Saudi Arabia
cross sectional analysis
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1535980/full
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