Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys
ABSTRACT Background Donkeys are routinely vaccinated with protocols developed for horses, yet species‐specific data on their immune responses are limited. Hypothesis/Objectives We hypothesized that donkeys exhibit robust T‐cell‐mediated immunity and regulatory adaptation after vaccination, comparabl...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70137 |
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| author | Maciej Perzyna Jowita Grzędzicka Dominika Milczek‐Haduch Izabela Dąbrowska Michał Trela Bartosz Pawliński Olga Witkowska‐Piłaszewicz |
| author_facet | Maciej Perzyna Jowita Grzędzicka Dominika Milczek‐Haduch Izabela Dąbrowska Michał Trela Bartosz Pawliński Olga Witkowska‐Piłaszewicz |
| author_sort | Maciej Perzyna |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT Background Donkeys are routinely vaccinated with protocols developed for horses, yet species‐specific data on their immune responses are limited. Hypothesis/Objectives We hypothesized that donkeys exhibit robust T‐cell‐mediated immunity and regulatory adaptation after vaccination, comparable to horses. Animals Thirty‐six healthy, seronegative donkeys (34 mares, 2 stallions), aged 0.5–23 years (median 8 years), from two farms with similar housing and management conditions. Methods Prospective study. Animals were selected based on clinical health assessment and confirmed seronegativity for tetanus and equine influenza. All received a multivalent vaccine containing tetanus toxoid and equine influenza antigens. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months after vaccination. Flow cytometry assessed CD4+, CD8+, and CD4 + FoxP3+ T cells (primary outcomes), and monocyte subsets and B lymphocytes (PanB/CD21+) with intracellular IL‐10, IL‐17, and Ki67 (secondary outcomes). ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05) was used for statistical analysis. Results CD4+ T cells increased from 25.1% ± 1.4% to 37.3% ± 0.7% at month 1, CD8+ from 20.6% ± 1.5% to 32.2% ± 0.9% at month 2 (p < 0.001). CD4 + FoxP3+ peaked at 11.7% ± 0.6% at month 1 (baseline 6.8% ± 0.8%), then returned to baseline. CD14 + MHCII+ and CD14 + MHCII− monocytes declined; CD14 − MHCII+ increased (p < 0.01). PanB/CD21+ cells decreased from 41.5% ± 1.8% to 29.0% ± 1.0%, with significant reductions in IL‐10+, IL‐17+, and Ki67+ subsets (p < 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Donkeys exhibit strong T‐cell and regulatory immune responses after vaccination, supporting the clinical relevance of applying equine vaccination protocols to donkeys. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c9b950e636d8434f94ae30aecdc4d2b1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0891-6640 1939-1676 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-c9b950e636d8434f94ae30aecdc4d2b12025-08-20T03:34:31ZengWileyJournal of Veterinary Internal Medicine0891-66401939-16762025-07-01394n/an/a10.1111/jvim.70137Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in DonkeysMaciej Perzyna0Jowita Grzędzicka1Dominika Milczek‐Haduch2Izabela Dąbrowska3Michał Trela4Bartosz Pawliński5Olga Witkowska‐Piłaszewicz6Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw PolandDepartment of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw PolandDepartment of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw PolandDepartment of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw PolandDepartment of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw PolandDepartment of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw PolandDepartment of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw PolandABSTRACT Background Donkeys are routinely vaccinated with protocols developed for horses, yet species‐specific data on their immune responses are limited. Hypothesis/Objectives We hypothesized that donkeys exhibit robust T‐cell‐mediated immunity and regulatory adaptation after vaccination, comparable to horses. Animals Thirty‐six healthy, seronegative donkeys (34 mares, 2 stallions), aged 0.5–23 years (median 8 years), from two farms with similar housing and management conditions. Methods Prospective study. Animals were selected based on clinical health assessment and confirmed seronegativity for tetanus and equine influenza. All received a multivalent vaccine containing tetanus toxoid and equine influenza antigens. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months after vaccination. Flow cytometry assessed CD4+, CD8+, and CD4 + FoxP3+ T cells (primary outcomes), and monocyte subsets and B lymphocytes (PanB/CD21+) with intracellular IL‐10, IL‐17, and Ki67 (secondary outcomes). ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05) was used for statistical analysis. Results CD4+ T cells increased from 25.1% ± 1.4% to 37.3% ± 0.7% at month 1, CD8+ from 20.6% ± 1.5% to 32.2% ± 0.9% at month 2 (p < 0.001). CD4 + FoxP3+ peaked at 11.7% ± 0.6% at month 1 (baseline 6.8% ± 0.8%), then returned to baseline. CD14 + MHCII+ and CD14 + MHCII− monocytes declined; CD14 − MHCII+ increased (p < 0.01). PanB/CD21+ cells decreased from 41.5% ± 1.8% to 29.0% ± 1.0%, with significant reductions in IL‐10+, IL‐17+, and Ki67+ subsets (p < 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Donkeys exhibit strong T‐cell and regulatory immune responses after vaccination, supporting the clinical relevance of applying equine vaccination protocols to donkeys.https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70137B cellshorsesimmunologymonocytesROST cells |
| spellingShingle | Maciej Perzyna Jowita Grzędzicka Dominika Milczek‐Haduch Izabela Dąbrowska Michał Trela Bartosz Pawliński Olga Witkowska‐Piłaszewicz Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine B cells horses immunology monocytes ROS T cells |
| title | Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys |
| title_full | Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys |
| title_fullStr | Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys |
| title_short | Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys |
| title_sort | immunological responses to tetanus and influenza vaccination in donkeys |
| topic | B cells horses immunology monocytes ROS T cells |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70137 |
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