Determination of Phthalates in Purified Drinking Water in Italy
This study investigated the presence and concentration of selected phthalates in municipal tap waters and purified waters sourced from domestic water purifiers and municipal reverse osmosis-based supplies. Five target compounds: Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), Butyl octyl phtha...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5710/11/3/92 |
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| author | Claudia Lino Serena Indelicato David Bongiorno Fabio D’Agostino Sergio Indelicato Giuseppe Avellone |
| author_facet | Claudia Lino Serena Indelicato David Bongiorno Fabio D’Agostino Sergio Indelicato Giuseppe Avellone |
| author_sort | Claudia Lino |
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| description | This study investigated the presence and concentration of selected phthalates in municipal tap waters and purified waters sourced from domestic water purifiers and municipal reverse osmosis-based supplies. Five target compounds: Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), Butyl octyl phthalate (BOP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were identified and quantified in the samples using the solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) method. The analytical protocol demonstrated good sensitivity, precision, and accuracy, with low limits of detection and quantification, making it suitable for routine monitoring applications. Phthalates were detected in all samples, including both inlet and treated water, highlighting their widespread occurrence. The results show a significant percentage of reduction in total phthalate concentrations (from 4% to 53%; 30% on average) in purified water samples compared to untreated inlet water, thereby indicating the potential efficacy of such systems in reducing organic pollutants. Risk assessment based on the EFSA guidelines showed that the estimated daily intakes for all detected phthalates remained well below tolerable daily intake limits for both adults and toddlers. The findings underscore the importance of monitoring phthalates in drinking water and support the implementation of regular maintenance strategies for filtration devices. The analytical approach developed may be adopted as a cost-effective tool for water quality assessment and offers promising potential for broader application in public health and commercial water treatment systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c93f8eb9dc0e431886c819d5c128b140 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2306-5710 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Beverages |
| spelling | doaj-art-c93f8eb9dc0e431886c819d5c128b1402025-08-20T03:32:31ZengMDPI AGBeverages2306-57102025-06-011139210.3390/beverages11030092Determination of Phthalates in Purified Drinking Water in ItalyClaudia Lino0Serena Indelicato1David Bongiorno2Fabio D’Agostino3Sergio Indelicato4Giuseppe Avellone5Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, ItalyInstitute of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council of Italy (IAS-CNR), 91021 Trapani, ItalyAzienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Quality Control and Chemical Risk (CQRC), 90146 Palermo, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, ItalyThis study investigated the presence and concentration of selected phthalates in municipal tap waters and purified waters sourced from domestic water purifiers and municipal reverse osmosis-based supplies. Five target compounds: Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), Butyl octyl phthalate (BOP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were identified and quantified in the samples using the solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) method. The analytical protocol demonstrated good sensitivity, precision, and accuracy, with low limits of detection and quantification, making it suitable for routine monitoring applications. Phthalates were detected in all samples, including both inlet and treated water, highlighting their widespread occurrence. The results show a significant percentage of reduction in total phthalate concentrations (from 4% to 53%; 30% on average) in purified water samples compared to untreated inlet water, thereby indicating the potential efficacy of such systems in reducing organic pollutants. Risk assessment based on the EFSA guidelines showed that the estimated daily intakes for all detected phthalates remained well below tolerable daily intake limits for both adults and toddlers. The findings underscore the importance of monitoring phthalates in drinking water and support the implementation of regular maintenance strategies for filtration devices. The analytical approach developed may be adopted as a cost-effective tool for water quality assessment and offers promising potential for broader application in public health and commercial water treatment systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5710/11/3/92phthalatesSPME-GC/MSwaterhousehold water purifiers |
| spellingShingle | Claudia Lino Serena Indelicato David Bongiorno Fabio D’Agostino Sergio Indelicato Giuseppe Avellone Determination of Phthalates in Purified Drinking Water in Italy Beverages phthalates SPME-GC/MS water household water purifiers |
| title | Determination of Phthalates in Purified Drinking Water in Italy |
| title_full | Determination of Phthalates in Purified Drinking Water in Italy |
| title_fullStr | Determination of Phthalates in Purified Drinking Water in Italy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of Phthalates in Purified Drinking Water in Italy |
| title_short | Determination of Phthalates in Purified Drinking Water in Italy |
| title_sort | determination of phthalates in purified drinking water in italy |
| topic | phthalates SPME-GC/MS water household water purifiers |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5710/11/3/92 |
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