The realized efficacy of indoor residual spraying campaigns falls quickly below the recommended WHO threshold when coverage, pace of spraying and residual efficacy on different wall types are considered.
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been and remains an important malaria control intervention in southern Mozambique, South Africa and Eswatini. A better understanding of the effectiveness of IRS campaigns is critical to guide future elimination efforts. We analyze the three IRS campaigns conducted...
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2022-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0272655&type=printable |
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| author | Lucia Fernández Montoya Mara Máquina Helena Martí-Soler Ellie Sherrard-Smith Celso Alafo Mercy Opiyo Kiba Comiche Beatriz Galatas Silvie Huijben Lizette L Koekemoer Shüné V Oliver Francois Maartens Dulcisaria Marrenjo Nelson Cuamba Pedro Aide Francisco Saúte Krijn P Paaijmans |
| author_facet | Lucia Fernández Montoya Mara Máquina Helena Martí-Soler Ellie Sherrard-Smith Celso Alafo Mercy Opiyo Kiba Comiche Beatriz Galatas Silvie Huijben Lizette L Koekemoer Shüné V Oliver Francois Maartens Dulcisaria Marrenjo Nelson Cuamba Pedro Aide Francisco Saúte Krijn P Paaijmans |
| author_sort | Lucia Fernández Montoya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been and remains an important malaria control intervention in southern Mozambique, South Africa and Eswatini. A better understanding of the effectiveness of IRS campaigns is critical to guide future elimination efforts. We analyze the three IRS campaigns conducted during a malaria elimination demonstration project in southern Mozambique, the "Magude project", and propose a new method to calculate the efficacy of IRS campaigns adjusting for IRS coverage, pace of house spraying and IRS residual efficacy on different wall types. Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) and An. gambiae s.l. were susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl and DDT. Anopheles funestus s.l. was resistant to pyrethroids, with 24h post-exposure mortality being lower for An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) than for An. parensis (collected indoors). The percentage of structures sprayed was above 90% and percentage of people covered above 86% in all three IRS campaigns. The percentage of households sprayed was above 83% in 2015 and 2016, but not assessed in 2017. Mosquito mortality 24h post-exposure stayed above 80% for 196 days after the 2016 IRS campaign and 222 days after the 2017 campaign and was 1.5 months longer on mud walls than on cement walls. This was extended by up to two months when 120h post-exposure mortality was considered. The district-level realized IRS efficacy was 113 days after the 2016 campaign. While the coverage of IRS campaigns in Magude were high, IRS protection did not remain optimal for the entire high malaria transmissions season. The use of a longer-lasting IRS product could have further supported the interruption of malaria transmission in the district. To better estimate the protection afforded by IRS campaigns, National Malaria Control Programs and partners are encouraged to adjust the calculation of IRS efficacy for IRS coverage, pace of house spraying during the campaign and IRS efficacy on different wall types combined with wall type distribution in the sprayed area. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c91e6ad09a7543c2a9dc3fbe2138cf77 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj-art-c91e6ad09a7543c2a9dc3fbe2138cf772025-08-20T03:25:19ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032022-01-011710e027265510.1371/journal.pone.0272655The realized efficacy of indoor residual spraying campaigns falls quickly below the recommended WHO threshold when coverage, pace of spraying and residual efficacy on different wall types are considered.Lucia Fernández MontoyaMara MáquinaHelena Martí-SolerEllie Sherrard-SmithCelso AlafoMercy OpiyoKiba ComicheBeatriz GalatasSilvie HuijbenLizette L KoekemoerShüné V OliverFrancois MaartensDulcisaria MarrenjoNelson CuambaPedro AideFrancisco SaúteKrijn P PaaijmansIndoor residual spraying (IRS) has been and remains an important malaria control intervention in southern Mozambique, South Africa and Eswatini. A better understanding of the effectiveness of IRS campaigns is critical to guide future elimination efforts. We analyze the three IRS campaigns conducted during a malaria elimination demonstration project in southern Mozambique, the "Magude project", and propose a new method to calculate the efficacy of IRS campaigns adjusting for IRS coverage, pace of house spraying and IRS residual efficacy on different wall types. Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) and An. gambiae s.l. were susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl and DDT. Anopheles funestus s.l. was resistant to pyrethroids, with 24h post-exposure mortality being lower for An. funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) than for An. parensis (collected indoors). The percentage of structures sprayed was above 90% and percentage of people covered above 86% in all three IRS campaigns. The percentage of households sprayed was above 83% in 2015 and 2016, but not assessed in 2017. Mosquito mortality 24h post-exposure stayed above 80% for 196 days after the 2016 IRS campaign and 222 days after the 2017 campaign and was 1.5 months longer on mud walls than on cement walls. This was extended by up to two months when 120h post-exposure mortality was considered. The district-level realized IRS efficacy was 113 days after the 2016 campaign. While the coverage of IRS campaigns in Magude were high, IRS protection did not remain optimal for the entire high malaria transmissions season. The use of a longer-lasting IRS product could have further supported the interruption of malaria transmission in the district. To better estimate the protection afforded by IRS campaigns, National Malaria Control Programs and partners are encouraged to adjust the calculation of IRS efficacy for IRS coverage, pace of house spraying during the campaign and IRS efficacy on different wall types combined with wall type distribution in the sprayed area.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0272655&type=printable |
| spellingShingle | Lucia Fernández Montoya Mara Máquina Helena Martí-Soler Ellie Sherrard-Smith Celso Alafo Mercy Opiyo Kiba Comiche Beatriz Galatas Silvie Huijben Lizette L Koekemoer Shüné V Oliver Francois Maartens Dulcisaria Marrenjo Nelson Cuamba Pedro Aide Francisco Saúte Krijn P Paaijmans The realized efficacy of indoor residual spraying campaigns falls quickly below the recommended WHO threshold when coverage, pace of spraying and residual efficacy on different wall types are considered. PLoS ONE |
| title | The realized efficacy of indoor residual spraying campaigns falls quickly below the recommended WHO threshold when coverage, pace of spraying and residual efficacy on different wall types are considered. |
| title_full | The realized efficacy of indoor residual spraying campaigns falls quickly below the recommended WHO threshold when coverage, pace of spraying and residual efficacy on different wall types are considered. |
| title_fullStr | The realized efficacy of indoor residual spraying campaigns falls quickly below the recommended WHO threshold when coverage, pace of spraying and residual efficacy on different wall types are considered. |
| title_full_unstemmed | The realized efficacy of indoor residual spraying campaigns falls quickly below the recommended WHO threshold when coverage, pace of spraying and residual efficacy on different wall types are considered. |
| title_short | The realized efficacy of indoor residual spraying campaigns falls quickly below the recommended WHO threshold when coverage, pace of spraying and residual efficacy on different wall types are considered. |
| title_sort | realized efficacy of indoor residual spraying campaigns falls quickly below the recommended who threshold when coverage pace of spraying and residual efficacy on different wall types are considered |
| url | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0272655&type=printable |
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