Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and brain
Abstract Background The recent emergence of three-dimensional organoids and their utilization as in vitro disease models confirmed the complexities behind organ-specific functions and unravelled the importance of establishing suitable human models for various applications. Also, in light of persis...
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| Format: | Article |
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Cambridge University Press
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1462399425000092/type/journal_article |
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| author | Sara Ouaidat Alessandro Bellapianta Franziska Ammer-Pickhardt Tara Taghipour Matthias Bolz Ahmad Salti |
| author_facet | Sara Ouaidat Alessandro Bellapianta Franziska Ammer-Pickhardt Tara Taghipour Matthias Bolz Ahmad Salti |
| author_sort | Sara Ouaidat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
Abstract
Background
The recent emergence of three-dimensional organoids and their utilization as in vitro disease models confirmed the complexities behind organ-specific functions and unravelled the importance of establishing suitable human models for various applications. Also, in light of persistent challenges associated with their use, researchers have been striving to establish more advanced structures (i.e. assembloids) that can help address the limitations presented in the current organoids.
Methods
In this review, we discuss the distinct organoid types that are available to date, with a special focus on retinal and brain organoids, and highlight their importance in disease modelling.
Results
We refer to published research to explore the extent to which retinal and brain organoids can serve as potential alternatives to organ/cell transplants and direct our attention to the topic of photostimulation in retinal organoids. Additionally, we discuss the advantages of incorporating microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip devices for boosting retinal organoid performance. The challenges of organoids leading to the subsequent development of assembloid fusion models are also presented.
Conclusion
In conclusion, organoid technology has laid the foundation for generating upgraded models that not only better replicate in vivo systems but also allow for a deeper comprehension of disease pathophysiology.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c9074cbb2e9c4b2da695e02618c5dbb3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1462-3994 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-c9074cbb2e9c4b2da695e02618c5dbb32025-08-20T12:57:28ZengCambridge University PressExpert Reviews in Molecular Medicine1462-39942025-01-012710.1017/erm.2025.9Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and brainSara Ouaidat0https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4640-9973Alessandro Bellapianta1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-9940Franziska Ammer-Pickhardt2https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7725-4695Tara Taghipour3https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0754-2654Matthias Bolz4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8691-5276Ahmad Salti5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-0125Research Group Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmology, University Clinic for Ophthalmology and Optometry, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, AustriaResearch Group Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmology, University Clinic for Ophthalmology and Optometry, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, AustriaResearch Group Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmology, University Clinic for Ophthalmology and Optometry, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, AustriaResearch Group Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmology, University Clinic for Ophthalmology and Optometry, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, AustriaResearch Group Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmology, University Clinic for Ophthalmology and Optometry, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, AustriaResearch Group Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmology, University Clinic for Ophthalmology and Optometry, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria Abstract Background The recent emergence of three-dimensional organoids and their utilization as in vitro disease models confirmed the complexities behind organ-specific functions and unravelled the importance of establishing suitable human models for various applications. Also, in light of persistent challenges associated with their use, researchers have been striving to establish more advanced structures (i.e. assembloids) that can help address the limitations presented in the current organoids. Methods In this review, we discuss the distinct organoid types that are available to date, with a special focus on retinal and brain organoids, and highlight their importance in disease modelling. Results We refer to published research to explore the extent to which retinal and brain organoids can serve as potential alternatives to organ/cell transplants and direct our attention to the topic of photostimulation in retinal organoids. Additionally, we discuss the advantages of incorporating microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip devices for boosting retinal organoid performance. The challenges of organoids leading to the subsequent development of assembloid fusion models are also presented. Conclusion In conclusion, organoid technology has laid the foundation for generating upgraded models that not only better replicate in vivo systems but also allow for a deeper comprehension of disease pathophysiology. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1462399425000092/type/journal_article3D modelsassembloidsaxonal projectionsbrain organoids (BOs)organoidsretinal ganglionic cells (RGCs)retinal organoids (ROs) |
| spellingShingle | Sara Ouaidat Alessandro Bellapianta Franziska Ammer-Pickhardt Tara Taghipour Matthias Bolz Ahmad Salti Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and brain Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 3D models assembloids axonal projections brain organoids (BOs) organoids retinal ganglionic cells (RGCs) retinal organoids (ROs) |
| title | Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and brain |
| title_full | Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and brain |
| title_fullStr | Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and brain |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and brain |
| title_short | Exploring organoid and assembloid technologies: a focus on retina and brain |
| title_sort | exploring organoid and assembloid technologies a focus on retina and brain |
| topic | 3D models assembloids axonal projections brain organoids (BOs) organoids retinal ganglionic cells (RGCs) retinal organoids (ROs) |
| url | https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1462399425000092/type/journal_article |
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