Perceived biodiversity: Is what we measure also what we see and hear?

Abstract Biodiversity is crucial for human health and well‐being. Perceived biodiversity—people's subjective experience of biodiversity—seems to be particularly relevant for mental well‐being. Using photographs and audio recordings of forests that varied in levels of biodiversity, we conducted...

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Main Authors: Kevin Rozario, Taylor Shaw, Melissa Marselle, Rachel Rui Ying Oh, Erich Schröger, Mateo Giraldo Botero, Julian Frey, Valentin Ștefan, Sandra Müller, Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen, Bogdan Jaroszewicz, Kris Verheyen, Aletta Bonn
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-08-01
Series:People and Nature
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.70087
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author Kevin Rozario
Taylor Shaw
Melissa Marselle
Rachel Rui Ying Oh
Erich Schröger
Mateo Giraldo Botero
Julian Frey
Valentin Ștefan
Sandra Müller
Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen
Bogdan Jaroszewicz
Kris Verheyen
Aletta Bonn
author_facet Kevin Rozario
Taylor Shaw
Melissa Marselle
Rachel Rui Ying Oh
Erich Schröger
Mateo Giraldo Botero
Julian Frey
Valentin Ștefan
Sandra Müller
Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen
Bogdan Jaroszewicz
Kris Verheyen
Aletta Bonn
author_sort Kevin Rozario
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Biodiversity is crucial for human health and well‐being. Perceived biodiversity—people's subjective experience of biodiversity—seems to be particularly relevant for mental well‐being. Using photographs and audio recordings of forests that varied in levels of biodiversity, we conducted two sorting studies to assess how people perceive visual and acoustic diversity and whether their perceptions align with species richness and proxies for forest structural diversity (‘actual diversity’). Per study, 48 participants were asked to sort the stimuli according to any similarity‐based sorting criteria they liked (‘open sorts’) and perceived diversity (‘closed sorts’). The main perceived visual forest characteristics identified by participants in the open visual sorts were vegetation density, light conditions, forest structural attributes and colours. The main perceived acoustic forest characteristics identified in the open acoustic sorts comprised bird song characteristics, physical properties such as volume, references to the time of day or seasonality and evoked emotions. Perceived visual and acoustic diversity were significantly correlated with actual visual and acoustic diversity, respectively. We further computed several objective visual and acoustic diversity indices from the photos and audio recordings, for example, a Greenness Index or the Acoustic Complexity Index, and assessed their relevance for perceived and actual diversity. While all acoustic diversity indices were significantly associated with perceived and actual acoustic diversity, for the visual sense, the Greenness Index successfully captured both perceived and actual visual diversity. Our results suggest that people can perceive variations in biodiversity levels. Our identified visual and acoustic forest characteristics may help to better understand perceived diversity and how it differs from how diversity is measured in biological studies. We present one visual and several acoustic diversity indices that quantify aspects of perceived and actual diversity. These indices may serve as cost‐efficient tools to manage and plan greenspaces to promote biodiversity and mental well‐being. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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spelling doaj-art-c90331e003604cfc82eba83f9a5adc692025-08-20T04:02:09ZengWileyPeople and Nature2575-83142025-08-01782019203710.1002/pan3.70087Perceived biodiversity: Is what we measure also what we see and hear?Kevin Rozario0Taylor Shaw1Melissa Marselle2Rachel Rui Ying Oh3Erich Schröger4Mateo Giraldo Botero5Julian Frey6Valentin Ștefan7Sandra Müller8Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen9Bogdan Jaroszewicz10Kris Verheyen11Aletta Bonn12Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena GermanyFaculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Freiburg GermanySchool of Psychology, Environmental Psychology Research Group, University of Surrey Guilford UKDepartment of Biodiversity and People Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ Leipzig GermanyWilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University Leipzig GermanyGerman Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig GermanyChair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg Freiburg GermanyGerman Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig GermanyFaculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Freiburg GermanyFaculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Freiburg GermanyFaculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station University of Warsaw Białowieża PolandForest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment Ghent University Melle‐Gontrode BelgiumInstitute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena GermanyAbstract Biodiversity is crucial for human health and well‐being. Perceived biodiversity—people's subjective experience of biodiversity—seems to be particularly relevant for mental well‐being. Using photographs and audio recordings of forests that varied in levels of biodiversity, we conducted two sorting studies to assess how people perceive visual and acoustic diversity and whether their perceptions align with species richness and proxies for forest structural diversity (‘actual diversity’). Per study, 48 participants were asked to sort the stimuli according to any similarity‐based sorting criteria they liked (‘open sorts’) and perceived diversity (‘closed sorts’). The main perceived visual forest characteristics identified by participants in the open visual sorts were vegetation density, light conditions, forest structural attributes and colours. The main perceived acoustic forest characteristics identified in the open acoustic sorts comprised bird song characteristics, physical properties such as volume, references to the time of day or seasonality and evoked emotions. Perceived visual and acoustic diversity were significantly correlated with actual visual and acoustic diversity, respectively. We further computed several objective visual and acoustic diversity indices from the photos and audio recordings, for example, a Greenness Index or the Acoustic Complexity Index, and assessed their relevance for perceived and actual diversity. While all acoustic diversity indices were significantly associated with perceived and actual acoustic diversity, for the visual sense, the Greenness Index successfully captured both perceived and actual visual diversity. Our results suggest that people can perceive variations in biodiversity levels. Our identified visual and acoustic forest characteristics may help to better understand perceived diversity and how it differs from how diversity is measured in biological studies. We present one visual and several acoustic diversity indices that quantify aspects of perceived and actual diversity. These indices may serve as cost‐efficient tools to manage and plan greenspaces to promote biodiversity and mental well‐being. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.70087bird richnessdiversity indicesDr.FORESTforest biodiversityforestsperception
spellingShingle Kevin Rozario
Taylor Shaw
Melissa Marselle
Rachel Rui Ying Oh
Erich Schröger
Mateo Giraldo Botero
Julian Frey
Valentin Ștefan
Sandra Müller
Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen
Bogdan Jaroszewicz
Kris Verheyen
Aletta Bonn
Perceived biodiversity: Is what we measure also what we see and hear?
People and Nature
bird richness
diversity indices
Dr.FOREST
forest biodiversity
forests
perception
title Perceived biodiversity: Is what we measure also what we see and hear?
title_full Perceived biodiversity: Is what we measure also what we see and hear?
title_fullStr Perceived biodiversity: Is what we measure also what we see and hear?
title_full_unstemmed Perceived biodiversity: Is what we measure also what we see and hear?
title_short Perceived biodiversity: Is what we measure also what we see and hear?
title_sort perceived biodiversity is what we measure also what we see and hear
topic bird richness
diversity indices
Dr.FOREST
forest biodiversity
forests
perception
url https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.70087
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