Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Hexanal on the Maturation of Peach-Shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i>

<i>Phallus impudicus</i> is a fungus used as a medicine and nutrient-rich food. However, the shelf life of mature <i>Phallus impudicus</i> is only a few hours. Therefore, research on its preservation technology is essential for improving its economic value. This study investi...

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Main Authors: Hong He, Shuya Fan, Gan Hu, Beibei Wang, Dayu Liu, Xinhui Wang, Jinqiu Wang, Fang Geng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Journal of Fungi
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/2/127
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author Hong He
Shuya Fan
Gan Hu
Beibei Wang
Dayu Liu
Xinhui Wang
Jinqiu Wang
Fang Geng
author_facet Hong He
Shuya Fan
Gan Hu
Beibei Wang
Dayu Liu
Xinhui Wang
Jinqiu Wang
Fang Geng
author_sort Hong He
collection DOAJ
description <i>Phallus impudicus</i> is a fungus used as a medicine and nutrient-rich food. However, the shelf life of mature <i>Phallus impudicus</i> is only a few hours. Therefore, research on its preservation technology is essential for improving its economic value. This study investigated the effects of hexanal concentrations (25–100 μL/L) and treatment time (4–8 h) on the inhibition of peach-shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i> (CK) maturation and found that the maturation rate was 25% under optimal conditions of 25 μL/L hexanal treatment for 6 h. Quantitative transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses were conducted among CK, mature <i>Phallus impudicus</i> (M-P), and hexanal-treated peach-shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i> (H-P-P). In total, 2933 and 2746 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 156 and 111 differentially abundant lipids (DALs) were identified in CK vs. H-P-P and M-P vs. H-P-P, respectively. Functional analysis demonstrated that hexanal treatment inhibited phospholipase D gene expression and reduced phosphatidic acid abundance, thereby inhibiting the activation of the phosphatidylinositol signaling system and the signal amplification of the cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These blocked signal transductions inhibited the gene expression of most β-glucanases, chitinases and chitin synthases, further affecting cell wall reconstruction. Moreover, hexanal treatment enhanced membrane stability by reducing the monogalactosyl diglyceride/digalactosyl diacylglycerol ratio and increasing the phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio. This study contributed to the development of hexanal treatment as a postharvest preservation technology for <i>Phallus impudicus</i>.
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spelling doaj-art-c8fb56e5b40e44e0a1da22cfdff239ae2025-08-20T03:12:00ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2025-02-0111212710.3390/jof11020127Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Hexanal on the Maturation of Peach-Shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i>Hong He0Shuya Fan1Gan Hu2Beibei Wang3Dayu Liu4Xinhui Wang5Jinqiu Wang6Fang Geng7School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaSchool of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaInstitute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaInstitute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaSchool of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaSchool of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaSchool of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, ChinaSchool of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China<i>Phallus impudicus</i> is a fungus used as a medicine and nutrient-rich food. However, the shelf life of mature <i>Phallus impudicus</i> is only a few hours. Therefore, research on its preservation technology is essential for improving its economic value. This study investigated the effects of hexanal concentrations (25–100 μL/L) and treatment time (4–8 h) on the inhibition of peach-shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i> (CK) maturation and found that the maturation rate was 25% under optimal conditions of 25 μL/L hexanal treatment for 6 h. Quantitative transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses were conducted among CK, mature <i>Phallus impudicus</i> (M-P), and hexanal-treated peach-shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i> (H-P-P). In total, 2933 and 2746 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 156 and 111 differentially abundant lipids (DALs) were identified in CK vs. H-P-P and M-P vs. H-P-P, respectively. Functional analysis demonstrated that hexanal treatment inhibited phospholipase D gene expression and reduced phosphatidic acid abundance, thereby inhibiting the activation of the phosphatidylinositol signaling system and the signal amplification of the cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These blocked signal transductions inhibited the gene expression of most β-glucanases, chitinases and chitin synthases, further affecting cell wall reconstruction. Moreover, hexanal treatment enhanced membrane stability by reducing the monogalactosyl diglyceride/digalactosyl diacylglycerol ratio and increasing the phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio. This study contributed to the development of hexanal treatment as a postharvest preservation technology for <i>Phallus impudicus</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/2/127peach-shaped <i>phallus impudicus</i>hexanal treatmentinhibition of maturationquantitative transcriptomelipidomic analysis
spellingShingle Hong He
Shuya Fan
Gan Hu
Beibei Wang
Dayu Liu
Xinhui Wang
Jinqiu Wang
Fang Geng
Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Hexanal on the Maturation of Peach-Shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i>
Journal of Fungi
peach-shaped <i>phallus impudicus</i>
hexanal treatment
inhibition of maturation
quantitative transcriptome
lipidomic analysis
title Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Hexanal on the Maturation of Peach-Shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i>
title_full Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Hexanal on the Maturation of Peach-Shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i>
title_fullStr Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Hexanal on the Maturation of Peach-Shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i>
title_full_unstemmed Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Hexanal on the Maturation of Peach-Shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i>
title_short Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Hexanal on the Maturation of Peach-Shaped <i>Phallus impudicus</i>
title_sort inhibitory effect and mechanism of hexanal on the maturation of peach shaped i phallus impudicus i
topic peach-shaped <i>phallus impudicus</i>
hexanal treatment
inhibition of maturation
quantitative transcriptome
lipidomic analysis
url https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/11/2/127
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