Effectiveness of Virtual Simulations Versus Mannequins and Real Persons in Medical and Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
BackgroundVirtual simulation (VS) is a developing education approach with the recreation of reality using digital technology. The teaching effectiveness of VSs compared to mannequins and real persons (RPs) has never been investigated in medical and nursing education....
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JMIR Publications
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Medical Internet Research |
| Online Access: | https://www.jmir.org/2024/1/e56195 |
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| author | Nan Jiang Yuelun Zhang Siyu Liang Xiaohong Lyu Shi Chen Xiaoming Huang Hui Pan |
| author_facet | Nan Jiang Yuelun Zhang Siyu Liang Xiaohong Lyu Shi Chen Xiaoming Huang Hui Pan |
| author_sort | Nan Jiang |
| collection | DOAJ |
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BackgroundVirtual simulation (VS) is a developing education approach with the recreation of reality using digital technology. The teaching effectiveness of VSs compared to mannequins and real persons (RPs) has never been investigated in medical and nursing education.
ObjectiveThis study aims to compare VSs and mannequins or RPs in improving the following clinical competencies: knowledge, procedural skills, clinical reasoning, and communication skills.
MethodsFollowing Cochrane methodology, a meta-analysis was conducted on the effectiveness of VSs in pre- and postregistration medical or nursing participants. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Educational Resource Information Centre databases were searched to identify English-written randomized controlled trials up to August 2024. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. All pooled estimates were based on random-effects models and assessed by trial sequential analyses. Leave-one-out, subgroup, and univariate meta-regression analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity.
ResultsA total of 27 studies with 1480 participants were included. Overall, there were no significant differences between VSs and mannequins or RPs in improving knowledge (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.08; 95% CI –0.30 to 0.47; I2=67%; P=.002), procedural skills (SMD=–0.12; 95% CI –0.47 to 0.23; I2=75%; P<.001), clinical reasoning (SMD=0.29; 95% CI –0.26 to 0.85; I2=88%; P<.001), and communication skills (SMD=–0.02; 95% CI: –0.62 to 0.58; I2=86%; P<.001). Trial sequential analysis for clinical reasoning indicated an insufficient sample size for a definitive judgment. For procedural skills, subgroup analyses showed that VSs were less effective among nursing participants (SMD=–0.55; 95% CI –1.07 to –0.03; I2=69%; P=.04). Univariate meta-regression detected a positive effect of publication year (β=.09; P=.02) on communication skill scores.
ConclusionsGiven favorable cost-utility plus high flexibility regarding time and space, VSs are viable alternatives to traditional face-to-face learning modalities. The comparative effectiveness of VSs deserves to be followed up with the emergence of new technology. In addition, further investigation of VSs with different design features will provide novel insights to drive education reform.
Trial RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42023466622; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=466622 |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c8e84d5d26254f4e9614bf1cd011b3ea |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1438-8871 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | JMIR Publications |
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| series | Journal of Medical Internet Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-c8e84d5d26254f4e9614bf1cd011b3ea2025-08-20T02:19:07ZengJMIR PublicationsJournal of Medical Internet Research1438-88712024-12-0126e5619510.2196/56195Effectiveness of Virtual Simulations Versus Mannequins and Real Persons in Medical and Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsNan Jianghttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-0058-3481Yuelun Zhanghttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-9003Siyu Lianghttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3686-2679Xiaohong Lyuhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4647-7758Shi Chenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2205-5371Xiaoming Huanghttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2978-6484Hui Panhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2413-0646 BackgroundVirtual simulation (VS) is a developing education approach with the recreation of reality using digital technology. The teaching effectiveness of VSs compared to mannequins and real persons (RPs) has never been investigated in medical and nursing education. ObjectiveThis study aims to compare VSs and mannequins or RPs in improving the following clinical competencies: knowledge, procedural skills, clinical reasoning, and communication skills. MethodsFollowing Cochrane methodology, a meta-analysis was conducted on the effectiveness of VSs in pre- and postregistration medical or nursing participants. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Educational Resource Information Centre databases were searched to identify English-written randomized controlled trials up to August 2024. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. All pooled estimates were based on random-effects models and assessed by trial sequential analyses. Leave-one-out, subgroup, and univariate meta-regression analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. ResultsA total of 27 studies with 1480 participants were included. Overall, there were no significant differences between VSs and mannequins or RPs in improving knowledge (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.08; 95% CI –0.30 to 0.47; I2=67%; P=.002), procedural skills (SMD=–0.12; 95% CI –0.47 to 0.23; I2=75%; P<.001), clinical reasoning (SMD=0.29; 95% CI –0.26 to 0.85; I2=88%; P<.001), and communication skills (SMD=–0.02; 95% CI: –0.62 to 0.58; I2=86%; P<.001). Trial sequential analysis for clinical reasoning indicated an insufficient sample size for a definitive judgment. For procedural skills, subgroup analyses showed that VSs were less effective among nursing participants (SMD=–0.55; 95% CI –1.07 to –0.03; I2=69%; P=.04). Univariate meta-regression detected a positive effect of publication year (β=.09; P=.02) on communication skill scores. ConclusionsGiven favorable cost-utility plus high flexibility regarding time and space, VSs are viable alternatives to traditional face-to-face learning modalities. The comparative effectiveness of VSs deserves to be followed up with the emergence of new technology. In addition, further investigation of VSs with different design features will provide novel insights to drive education reform. Trial RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42023466622; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=466622https://www.jmir.org/2024/1/e56195 |
| spellingShingle | Nan Jiang Yuelun Zhang Siyu Liang Xiaohong Lyu Shi Chen Xiaoming Huang Hui Pan Effectiveness of Virtual Simulations Versus Mannequins and Real Persons in Medical and Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Journal of Medical Internet Research |
| title | Effectiveness of Virtual Simulations Versus Mannequins and Real Persons in Medical and Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |
| title_full | Effectiveness of Virtual Simulations Versus Mannequins and Real Persons in Medical and Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |
| title_fullStr | Effectiveness of Virtual Simulations Versus Mannequins and Real Persons in Medical and Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effectiveness of Virtual Simulations Versus Mannequins and Real Persons in Medical and Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |
| title_short | Effectiveness of Virtual Simulations Versus Mannequins and Real Persons in Medical and Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |
| title_sort | effectiveness of virtual simulations versus mannequins and real persons in medical and nursing education meta analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials |
| url | https://www.jmir.org/2024/1/e56195 |
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