Decoding Fish Origins: How Metals and Metabolites Differentiate Wild, Cultured, and Escaped Specimens

Background: Fish escape events from aquaculture facilities are increasing and pose significant ecological, economic, and traceability concerns. Accurate methods to differentiate between wild, cultured, and escaped fish are essential for fishery management and seafood authentication. Methods: This st...

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Main Authors: Warda Badaoui, Kilian Toledo-Guedes, Juan Manuel Valero-Rodriguez, Adrian Villar-Montalt, Frutos C. Marhuenda-Egea
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Metabolites
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/15/7/490
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author Warda Badaoui
Kilian Toledo-Guedes
Juan Manuel Valero-Rodriguez
Adrian Villar-Montalt
Frutos C. Marhuenda-Egea
author_facet Warda Badaoui
Kilian Toledo-Guedes
Juan Manuel Valero-Rodriguez
Adrian Villar-Montalt
Frutos C. Marhuenda-Egea
author_sort Warda Badaoui
collection DOAJ
description Background: Fish escape events from aquaculture facilities are increasing and pose significant ecological, economic, and traceability concerns. Accurate methods to differentiate between wild, cultured, and escaped fish are essential for fishery management and seafood authentication. Methods: This study analyzed muscle tissue from <i>Sparus aurata</i>, <i>Dicentrarchus labrax</i>, and <i>Argyrosomus regius</i> using a multiomics approach. Heavy metals were quantified by ICP-MS, fatty acid profiles were assessed via GC-MS, and metabolomic and lipidomic signatures were identified using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate statistical models (MDS and PLS-LDA) were applied to classify fish origins. Results: Wild seabream showed significantly higher levels of arsenic (9.5-fold), selenium (3.5-fold), and DHA and ARA fatty acids (3.2-fold), while cultured fish exhibited increased linoleic and linolenic acids (6.5-fold). TMAO concentrations were up to 5.3-fold higher in wild fish, serving as a robust metabolic biomarker. Escaped fish displayed intermediate biochemical profiles. Multivariate models achieved a 100% classification accuracy across species and analytical techniques. Conclusions: The integration of heavy metal analysis, fatty acid profiling, and NMR-based metabolomics enables the accurate differentiation of fish origin. While muscle tissue provides reliable biomarkers relevant to human exposure, future studies should explore additional tissues such as liver and gills to improve the resolution of traceability. These methods support seafood authentication, enhance aquaculture traceability, and aid in managing the ecological impacts of escape events.
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spelling doaj-art-c8d9e6759dfc4d8e8ae98e52cf520fdc2025-08-20T03:32:32ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892025-07-0115749010.3390/metabo15070490Decoding Fish Origins: How Metals and Metabolites Differentiate Wild, Cultured, and Escaped SpecimensWarda Badaoui0Kilian Toledo-Guedes1Juan Manuel Valero-Rodriguez2Adrian Villar-Montalt3Frutos C. Marhuenda-Egea4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agricultural Chemistry and Edafology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 Alicante, SpainDepartment of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 Alicante, SpainDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 Alicante, SpainDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Agricultural Chemistry and Edafology, University of Alicante, Carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 Alicante, SpainBackground: Fish escape events from aquaculture facilities are increasing and pose significant ecological, economic, and traceability concerns. Accurate methods to differentiate between wild, cultured, and escaped fish are essential for fishery management and seafood authentication. Methods: This study analyzed muscle tissue from <i>Sparus aurata</i>, <i>Dicentrarchus labrax</i>, and <i>Argyrosomus regius</i> using a multiomics approach. Heavy metals were quantified by ICP-MS, fatty acid profiles were assessed via GC-MS, and metabolomic and lipidomic signatures were identified using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate statistical models (MDS and PLS-LDA) were applied to classify fish origins. Results: Wild seabream showed significantly higher levels of arsenic (9.5-fold), selenium (3.5-fold), and DHA and ARA fatty acids (3.2-fold), while cultured fish exhibited increased linoleic and linolenic acids (6.5-fold). TMAO concentrations were up to 5.3-fold higher in wild fish, serving as a robust metabolic biomarker. Escaped fish displayed intermediate biochemical profiles. Multivariate models achieved a 100% classification accuracy across species and analytical techniques. Conclusions: The integration of heavy metal analysis, fatty acid profiling, and NMR-based metabolomics enables the accurate differentiation of fish origin. While muscle tissue provides reliable biomarkers relevant to human exposure, future studies should explore additional tissues such as liver and gills to improve the resolution of traceability. These methods support seafood authentication, enhance aquaculture traceability, and aid in managing the ecological impacts of escape events.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/15/7/490fish traceabilityaquaculture escapesheavy metalsfatty acid profilingNMR metabolomicsseafood authentication
spellingShingle Warda Badaoui
Kilian Toledo-Guedes
Juan Manuel Valero-Rodriguez
Adrian Villar-Montalt
Frutos C. Marhuenda-Egea
Decoding Fish Origins: How Metals and Metabolites Differentiate Wild, Cultured, and Escaped Specimens
Metabolites
fish traceability
aquaculture escapes
heavy metals
fatty acid profiling
NMR metabolomics
seafood authentication
title Decoding Fish Origins: How Metals and Metabolites Differentiate Wild, Cultured, and Escaped Specimens
title_full Decoding Fish Origins: How Metals and Metabolites Differentiate Wild, Cultured, and Escaped Specimens
title_fullStr Decoding Fish Origins: How Metals and Metabolites Differentiate Wild, Cultured, and Escaped Specimens
title_full_unstemmed Decoding Fish Origins: How Metals and Metabolites Differentiate Wild, Cultured, and Escaped Specimens
title_short Decoding Fish Origins: How Metals and Metabolites Differentiate Wild, Cultured, and Escaped Specimens
title_sort decoding fish origins how metals and metabolites differentiate wild cultured and escaped specimens
topic fish traceability
aquaculture escapes
heavy metals
fatty acid profiling
NMR metabolomics
seafood authentication
url https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/15/7/490
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