SWISS ADME ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS OF CITRUS AURANTIUM

Background: Citrus aurantium, a well-known medicinal plant, has demonstrated a variety of therapeutic benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. Citrus aurantium is abundant in alkaloids and bioactive flavonoids that have been shown to have therapeutic benefits. O...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Ayesha Malik, Zeba Zameer, Snowber Nayab Fatima, Mobeen Ahmad, Amara Zarmeen, Tooba Saleem, Hajira Kanwal, Muhammad Ali
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Superior University Lahore, Pakistan 2025-08-01
Series:International Journal of Pharmacy & Integrated Health Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.ijpihs.pk/index.php/IJPIHS/article/view/269
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Summary:Background: Citrus aurantium, a well-known medicinal plant, has demonstrated a variety of therapeutic benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. Citrus aurantium is abundant in alkaloids and bioactive flavonoids that have been shown to have therapeutic benefits. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the 31 phytochemicals from the Citrus aurantium for pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness profiles. Methodology: SwissADME (Swiss Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) was employed to assess various physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds, including lipophilicity, blood-brain barrier permeability, water solubility, as well as potential structural issues flagged by PAINS (Pan-Assay Interference Compounds) and Brenk's alerts. Results: Swiss ADME analysis concludes that kaempferol, apigenin, and naringenin, in particular, show good oral bioavailability, high gastrointestinal absorption, and adherence to important drug-likeness criteria. Conversely, naringin and hesperidin showed several rule violations and poor absorption. About 27% of the compounds could pass through the blood-brain barrier, while 73% of them had high GI absorption. Additionally, a lot of them were easily produced due to their minimal synthetic complexity. There were a few structural alarms among the leading applicants. Conclusion:  These results imply that Citrus aurantium has attractive lead chemicals for the creation of new drugs. Nevertheless, additional experimental research is required to confirm their therapeutic potential, safety, and effectiveness.
ISSN:2958-1656
2789-2840