Biomechanical impacts of 3D arch-support insoles on countermovement jumps: a statistical parametric mapping analysis

ObjectiveDespite the widespread use of arch-support insoles in sports, their time-dependent biomechanical effects on dynamic movements like countermovement jumps (CMJs) remain poorly understood. This study investigated the biomechanical impacts of three-dimensional (3D) arch-support insoles with var...

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Main Authors: Qiu-qiong Shi, Kit-lun Yick, Rui-feng Huang, Chu-hao Li, Jin long Wu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-08-01
Series:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1624892/full
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author Qiu-qiong Shi
Qiu-qiong Shi
Kit-lun Yick
Kit-lun Yick
Rui-feng Huang
Rui-feng Huang
Chu-hao Li
Jin long Wu
author_facet Qiu-qiong Shi
Qiu-qiong Shi
Kit-lun Yick
Kit-lun Yick
Rui-feng Huang
Rui-feng Huang
Chu-hao Li
Jin long Wu
author_sort Qiu-qiong Shi
collection DOAJ
description ObjectiveDespite the widespread use of arch-support insoles in sports, their time-dependent biomechanical effects on dynamic movements like countermovement jumps (CMJs) remain poorly understood. This study investigated the biomechanical impacts of three-dimensional (3D) arch-support insoles with varying degrees of stiffness on CMJs by using a statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis.DesignRandomized crossover study.MethodTwelve active male university students tested three different polyurethane 3D arch-support insoles (i.e., soft, semi-rigid, and rigid insoles). A total of 16 reflective markers were placed on the lower limbs of the participants according to the Vicon Plug-in Gait marker set protocols. The lower limb kinematics and kinetics were captured by using two synchronized force plates and an eight-camera motion analysis system. SPM was used to statistically compare the biomechanical changes across the different 3D insoles during six continuous key phases of CMJs.ResultsWith the 3D arch-support insoles donned, supra-threshold clusters of the ankle kinematics in the sagittal and frontal planes exceeded the critical thresholds during propulsion-flight (p = 0.022) and the landing (p = 0.033). Ankle moment in the transverse direction exceeded the critical threshold of 6.46 during propulsion (p = 0.038) and landing (p < 0.001). The critical threshold of 6.555 was exceeded for propulsion (p = 0.050) and landing (p < 0.001) with supra-threshold clusters for the force in the frontal plane of the knee. Ankle force in the transverse direction showed that the supra-threshold clusters exceeded the critical threshold during weighing-unweighting (p < 0.001), and early landing (p = 0.007).ConclusionRigid and semi-rigid 3D arch-support insoles significantly altered the biomechanics of the ankle joint, primarily in the frontal and transverse planes during propulsion-flight, and the landing phases. The rigid 3D insole most effectively enhanced ankle joint stability, which is crucial for maintaining balance and preventing injuries. SPM provided a time-dependent analysis of the biomechanical impacts during CMJ.
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series Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
spelling doaj-art-c86eaf3b69154b64b4dc87f52828b37e2025-08-26T05:28:10ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology2296-41852025-08-011310.3389/fbioe.2025.16248921624892Biomechanical impacts of 3D arch-support insoles on countermovement jumps: a statistical parametric mapping analysisQiu-qiong Shi0Qiu-qiong Shi1Kit-lun Yick2Kit-lun Yick3Rui-feng Huang4Rui-feng Huang5Chu-hao Li6Jin long Wu7School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaResearch Institute for Sports Science and Technology, Hong Kong, ChinaSchool of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaResearch Institute for Sports Science and Technology, Hong Kong, ChinaSchool of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Sports Health Intelligent Equipment of Hubei Province, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, ChinaSchool of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaCollege of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaObjectiveDespite the widespread use of arch-support insoles in sports, their time-dependent biomechanical effects on dynamic movements like countermovement jumps (CMJs) remain poorly understood. This study investigated the biomechanical impacts of three-dimensional (3D) arch-support insoles with varying degrees of stiffness on CMJs by using a statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis.DesignRandomized crossover study.MethodTwelve active male university students tested three different polyurethane 3D arch-support insoles (i.e., soft, semi-rigid, and rigid insoles). A total of 16 reflective markers were placed on the lower limbs of the participants according to the Vicon Plug-in Gait marker set protocols. The lower limb kinematics and kinetics were captured by using two synchronized force plates and an eight-camera motion analysis system. SPM was used to statistically compare the biomechanical changes across the different 3D insoles during six continuous key phases of CMJs.ResultsWith the 3D arch-support insoles donned, supra-threshold clusters of the ankle kinematics in the sagittal and frontal planes exceeded the critical thresholds during propulsion-flight (p = 0.022) and the landing (p = 0.033). Ankle moment in the transverse direction exceeded the critical threshold of 6.46 during propulsion (p = 0.038) and landing (p < 0.001). The critical threshold of 6.555 was exceeded for propulsion (p = 0.050) and landing (p < 0.001) with supra-threshold clusters for the force in the frontal plane of the knee. Ankle force in the transverse direction showed that the supra-threshold clusters exceeded the critical threshold during weighing-unweighting (p < 0.001), and early landing (p = 0.007).ConclusionRigid and semi-rigid 3D arch-support insoles significantly altered the biomechanics of the ankle joint, primarily in the frontal and transverse planes during propulsion-flight, and the landing phases. The rigid 3D insole most effectively enhanced ankle joint stability, which is crucial for maintaining balance and preventing injuries. SPM provided a time-dependent analysis of the biomechanical impacts during CMJ.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1624892/fullarch-support3D insoleorthosesstatistical parametric mappingjumping
spellingShingle Qiu-qiong Shi
Qiu-qiong Shi
Kit-lun Yick
Kit-lun Yick
Rui-feng Huang
Rui-feng Huang
Chu-hao Li
Jin long Wu
Biomechanical impacts of 3D arch-support insoles on countermovement jumps: a statistical parametric mapping analysis
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
arch-support
3D insole
orthoses
statistical parametric mapping
jumping
title Biomechanical impacts of 3D arch-support insoles on countermovement jumps: a statistical parametric mapping analysis
title_full Biomechanical impacts of 3D arch-support insoles on countermovement jumps: a statistical parametric mapping analysis
title_fullStr Biomechanical impacts of 3D arch-support insoles on countermovement jumps: a statistical parametric mapping analysis
title_full_unstemmed Biomechanical impacts of 3D arch-support insoles on countermovement jumps: a statistical parametric mapping analysis
title_short Biomechanical impacts of 3D arch-support insoles on countermovement jumps: a statistical parametric mapping analysis
title_sort biomechanical impacts of 3d arch support insoles on countermovement jumps a statistical parametric mapping analysis
topic arch-support
3D insole
orthoses
statistical parametric mapping
jumping
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1624892/full
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