Improved longevity and in vivo performance of neurotransmitter detection using 30 µm cone-shaped carbon fiber microelectrode
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV) is a widely used electrochemical technique to detect rapid extracellular dopamine transients in vivo. It employs carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs), but conventional 7 µm diameter CFMEs often suffer from limited mechanical durability and reduced lifespan, hinder...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1579380/full |
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| author | Haeun Kwon Hyun-U Cho Jeongeun Sim Kyung-Jun Boo Kyung-Jun Boo Yumin Kang Sangmun Hwang Youngjong Kwak Jaehyun Jang Kyung Min Kim Se Jin Jeon Chan Young Shin Kevin E. Bennet Kevin E. Bennet Yoonbae Oh Yoonbae Oh Hojin Shin Hojin Shin Kendall H. Lee Kendall H. Lee Dong Pyo Jang Dong Pyo Jang |
| author_facet | Haeun Kwon Hyun-U Cho Jeongeun Sim Kyung-Jun Boo Kyung-Jun Boo Yumin Kang Sangmun Hwang Youngjong Kwak Jaehyun Jang Kyung Min Kim Se Jin Jeon Chan Young Shin Kevin E. Bennet Kevin E. Bennet Yoonbae Oh Yoonbae Oh Hojin Shin Hojin Shin Kendall H. Lee Kendall H. Lee Dong Pyo Jang Dong Pyo Jang |
| author_sort | Haeun Kwon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV) is a widely used electrochemical technique to detect rapid extracellular dopamine transients in vivo. It employs carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs), but conventional 7 µm diameter CFMEs often suffer from limited mechanical durability and reduced lifespan, hindering their use in chronic monitoring. To improve mechanical robustness and long-term functionality, we fabricated 30 µm diameter CFMEs and modified their geometry via electrochemical etching to form cone-shaped tips. We compared the in vitro and in vivo performance of 7 µm, 30 µm bare, and 30 µm cone-shaped CFMEs using FSCV. Electrode longevity was assessed, and biocompatibility was evaluated via immunofluorescence analysis of brain tissue. In vitro, the 30 µm bare CFMEs showed 2.7-fold higher sensitivity (33.3 ± 5.9 pA/µm2, n = 5) compared to 7 µm CFMEs (12.2 ± 4.9 pA/µm2, n = 5). However, in vivo dopamine detection was significantly reduced in 30 µm bare CFMEs (12.9 ± 8.1 nA, n = 5) relative to 7 µm CFMEs (24.6 ± 8.5 nA, n = 5), likely due to tissue damage. Cone-shaped modification of 30 µm CFMEs resulted in a 3.7-fold improvement in vivo dopamine signals (47.5 ± 19.8 nA, n = 5) and significantly lower glial activation based on Iba1 and GFAP markers. Furthermore, erosion tests revealed a 4.7-fold increase in lifespan compared to 7 µm CFMEs. These results suggest that while increasing CFME diameter improves sensitivity, it also increases tissue damage in vivo. The cone-shaped geometry effectively mitigates insertion-induced damage, enhancing in vivo performance and biocompatibility. This design offers a promising approach for long-term neurotransmitter monitoring and potential integration into closed-loop neuromodulation systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c8692c56a4ae445e9e4014b38588e6eb |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2296-4185 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |
| spelling | doaj-art-c8692c56a4ae445e9e4014b38588e6eb2025-08-22T05:26:52ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology2296-41852025-08-011310.3389/fbioe.2025.15793801579380Improved longevity and in vivo performance of neurotransmitter detection using 30 µm cone-shaped carbon fiber microelectrodeHaeun Kwon0Hyun-U Cho1Jeongeun Sim2Kyung-Jun Boo3Kyung-Jun Boo4Yumin Kang5Sangmun Hwang6Youngjong Kwak7Jaehyun Jang8Kyung Min Kim9Se Jin Jeon10Chan Young Shin11Kevin E. Bennet12Kevin E. Bennet13Yoonbae Oh14Yoonbae Oh15Hojin Shin16Hojin Shin17Kendall H. Lee18Kendall H. Lee19Dong Pyo Jang20Dong Pyo Jang21Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaSchool of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaSOSO H&C Co., Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Healthcare Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaSchool of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United StatesDivision of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United StatesDepartment of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United StatesDepartment of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United StatesDepartment of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United StatesDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Healthcare Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaFast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV) is a widely used electrochemical technique to detect rapid extracellular dopamine transients in vivo. It employs carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs), but conventional 7 µm diameter CFMEs often suffer from limited mechanical durability and reduced lifespan, hindering their use in chronic monitoring. To improve mechanical robustness and long-term functionality, we fabricated 30 µm diameter CFMEs and modified their geometry via electrochemical etching to form cone-shaped tips. We compared the in vitro and in vivo performance of 7 µm, 30 µm bare, and 30 µm cone-shaped CFMEs using FSCV. Electrode longevity was assessed, and biocompatibility was evaluated via immunofluorescence analysis of brain tissue. In vitro, the 30 µm bare CFMEs showed 2.7-fold higher sensitivity (33.3 ± 5.9 pA/µm2, n = 5) compared to 7 µm CFMEs (12.2 ± 4.9 pA/µm2, n = 5). However, in vivo dopamine detection was significantly reduced in 30 µm bare CFMEs (12.9 ± 8.1 nA, n = 5) relative to 7 µm CFMEs (24.6 ± 8.5 nA, n = 5), likely due to tissue damage. Cone-shaped modification of 30 µm CFMEs resulted in a 3.7-fold improvement in vivo dopamine signals (47.5 ± 19.8 nA, n = 5) and significantly lower glial activation based on Iba1 and GFAP markers. Furthermore, erosion tests revealed a 4.7-fold increase in lifespan compared to 7 µm CFMEs. These results suggest that while increasing CFME diameter improves sensitivity, it also increases tissue damage in vivo. The cone-shaped geometry effectively mitigates insertion-induced damage, enhancing in vivo performance and biocompatibility. This design offers a promising approach for long-term neurotransmitter monitoring and potential integration into closed-loop neuromodulation systems.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1579380/fullElectrochemistrycarbon fiber microelectrodeelectrochemical etchingdopaminelongevitytissue damage |
| spellingShingle | Haeun Kwon Hyun-U Cho Jeongeun Sim Kyung-Jun Boo Kyung-Jun Boo Yumin Kang Sangmun Hwang Youngjong Kwak Jaehyun Jang Kyung Min Kim Se Jin Jeon Chan Young Shin Kevin E. Bennet Kevin E. Bennet Yoonbae Oh Yoonbae Oh Hojin Shin Hojin Shin Kendall H. Lee Kendall H. Lee Dong Pyo Jang Dong Pyo Jang Improved longevity and in vivo performance of neurotransmitter detection using 30 µm cone-shaped carbon fiber microelectrode Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology Electrochemistry carbon fiber microelectrode electrochemical etching dopamine longevity tissue damage |
| title | Improved longevity and in vivo performance of neurotransmitter detection using 30 µm cone-shaped carbon fiber microelectrode |
| title_full | Improved longevity and in vivo performance of neurotransmitter detection using 30 µm cone-shaped carbon fiber microelectrode |
| title_fullStr | Improved longevity and in vivo performance of neurotransmitter detection using 30 µm cone-shaped carbon fiber microelectrode |
| title_full_unstemmed | Improved longevity and in vivo performance of neurotransmitter detection using 30 µm cone-shaped carbon fiber microelectrode |
| title_short | Improved longevity and in vivo performance of neurotransmitter detection using 30 µm cone-shaped carbon fiber microelectrode |
| title_sort | improved longevity and in vivo performance of neurotransmitter detection using 30 µm cone shaped carbon fiber microelectrode |
| topic | Electrochemistry carbon fiber microelectrode electrochemical etching dopamine longevity tissue damage |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1579380/full |
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