Development and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Carbons for the Removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> from Aqueous Solutions
This research explores the synthesis and application of carbon-based adsorbents derived from olive stones and almond shells as low-cost biomass precursors through carbonization at 600 °C combined with chemical activation using KOH, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, and ZnCl<sub...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Vahid Rahimi Catarina Helena Pimentel Diego Gómez-Díaz María Sonia Freire Massimo Lazzari Julia González-Álvarez |
| author_facet | Vahid Rahimi Catarina Helena Pimentel Diego Gómez-Díaz María Sonia Freire Massimo Lazzari Julia González-Álvarez |
| author_sort | Vahid Rahimi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This research explores the synthesis and application of carbon-based adsorbents derived from olive stones and almond shells as low-cost biomass precursors through carbonization at 600 °C combined with chemical activation using KOH, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, and ZnCl<sub>2</sub> with carbon/activating agent (C/A) ratios of 1:2 and 1:4 (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) at 850 °C for the removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> ions from aqueous solutions. The carbons produced were characterized using different techniques including SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, BET analysis, CHNS elemental analysis, and point of zero charge determination. Batch-mode adsorption experiments were carried out at adsorbent doses of 2 and 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, initial metal concentrations of 100 and 500 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, and natural pH (around 5) with agitation at 350 rpm and 25 °C for 24 h. KOH-activated carbons, especially at a 1:4 (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) ratio, exhibited superior adsorption performance mainly due to their favorable surface characteristics and functionalities. Pb<sup>2+</sup> was entirely removed (100%) at the highest initial concentration of 500 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and an adsorbent dosage of 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, while for Cu<sup>2+</sup>, the maximum adsorption efficiency was 86.29% at an initial concentration of 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and a dosage of 2 g L<sup>−1</sup>. The results of this study will help advance knowledge in the design and optimization of adsorption processes for heavy metal removal, benefiting industries seeking green technologies to mitigate environmental pollution. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c7f91a41c8854fa691b32f5d07331b95 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2311-5629 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | C |
| spelling | doaj-art-c7f91a41c8854fa691b32f5d07331b952025-08-20T03:43:30ZengMDPI AGC2311-56292024-12-01111210.3390/c11010002Development and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Carbons for the Removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> from Aqueous SolutionsVahid Rahimi0Catarina Helena Pimentel1Diego Gómez-Díaz2María Sonia Freire3Massimo Lazzari4Julia González-Álvarez5Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, SpainDepartment of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, SpainDepartment of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, SpainDepartment of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, SpainDepartment of Physical Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, SpainDepartment of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, SpainThis research explores the synthesis and application of carbon-based adsorbents derived from olive stones and almond shells as low-cost biomass precursors through carbonization at 600 °C combined with chemical activation using KOH, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, and ZnCl<sub>2</sub> with carbon/activating agent (C/A) ratios of 1:2 and 1:4 (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) at 850 °C for the removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> ions from aqueous solutions. The carbons produced were characterized using different techniques including SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, BET analysis, CHNS elemental analysis, and point of zero charge determination. Batch-mode adsorption experiments were carried out at adsorbent doses of 2 and 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, initial metal concentrations of 100 and 500 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, and natural pH (around 5) with agitation at 350 rpm and 25 °C for 24 h. KOH-activated carbons, especially at a 1:4 (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) ratio, exhibited superior adsorption performance mainly due to their favorable surface characteristics and functionalities. Pb<sup>2+</sup> was entirely removed (100%) at the highest initial concentration of 500 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and an adsorbent dosage of 5 g L<sup>−1</sup>, while for Cu<sup>2+</sup>, the maximum adsorption efficiency was 86.29% at an initial concentration of 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup> and a dosage of 2 g L<sup>−1</sup>. The results of this study will help advance knowledge in the design and optimization of adsorption processes for heavy metal removal, benefiting industries seeking green technologies to mitigate environmental pollution.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/11/1/2biomasscarbon adsorbentschemical activationcopperleadadsorption |
| spellingShingle | Vahid Rahimi Catarina Helena Pimentel Diego Gómez-Díaz María Sonia Freire Massimo Lazzari Julia González-Álvarez Development and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Carbons for the Removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> from Aqueous Solutions C biomass carbon adsorbents chemical activation copper lead adsorption |
| title | Development and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Carbons for the Removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> from Aqueous Solutions |
| title_full | Development and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Carbons for the Removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> from Aqueous Solutions |
| title_fullStr | Development and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Carbons for the Removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> from Aqueous Solutions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Carbons for the Removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> from Aqueous Solutions |
| title_short | Development and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Carbons for the Removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Pb<sup>2+</sup> from Aqueous Solutions |
| title_sort | development and characterization of biomass derived carbons for the removal of cu sup 2 sup and pb sup 2 sup from aqueous solutions |
| topic | biomass carbon adsorbents chemical activation copper lead adsorption |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/11/1/2 |
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