Forage maize type influences on methane emissions, nutrient degradation, and fermentation profiles in ruminants

Abstract The selection of forage maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars significantly impacts ruminant nutrition and environmental sustainability. This study evaluated four maize types (TWC647, SC704, D5, and a SC704 + D5 mixture) for their effects on methane emissions, nutrient degradability, and rumen ferm...

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Main Authors: Farhad Parnian-khajehdizaj, Sajjad Moharramnejad
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-06-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03936-2
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author Farhad Parnian-khajehdizaj
Sajjad Moharramnejad
author_facet Farhad Parnian-khajehdizaj
Sajjad Moharramnejad
author_sort Farhad Parnian-khajehdizaj
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The selection of forage maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars significantly impacts ruminant nutrition and environmental sustainability. This study evaluated four maize types (TWC647, SC704, D5, and a SC704 + D5 mixture) for their effects on methane emissions, nutrient degradability, and rumen fermentation using in vitro techniques. SC704 exhibited the highest gas production (236.8 ml/g DM), metabolizable energy (5.17 MJ/kg DM), and net energy for lactation (2.64 MJ/kg DM). TWC647 showed the highest degradability of dry matter, crude protein, and NDF. The SC704 + D5 mixture enhanced volatile fatty acid production but also resulted in the highest methane emissions (71.5 l/kg FOM). These findings emphasize the importance of cultivar selection in optimizing fermentation efficiency and reducing environmental impact.
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spelling doaj-art-c7f056e5c72b4f289ea804fd17bae13d2025-08-20T02:30:46ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-06-0115111110.1038/s41598-025-03936-2Forage maize type influences on methane emissions, nutrient degradation, and fermentation profiles in ruminantsFarhad Parnian-khajehdizaj0Sajjad Moharramnejad1Animal Science Research Department, East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEOCrop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEOAbstract The selection of forage maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars significantly impacts ruminant nutrition and environmental sustainability. This study evaluated four maize types (TWC647, SC704, D5, and a SC704 + D5 mixture) for their effects on methane emissions, nutrient degradability, and rumen fermentation using in vitro techniques. SC704 exhibited the highest gas production (236.8 ml/g DM), metabolizable energy (5.17 MJ/kg DM), and net energy for lactation (2.64 MJ/kg DM). TWC647 showed the highest degradability of dry matter, crude protein, and NDF. The SC704 + D5 mixture enhanced volatile fatty acid production but also resulted in the highest methane emissions (71.5 l/kg FOM). These findings emphasize the importance of cultivar selection in optimizing fermentation efficiency and reducing environmental impact.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03936-2Forage maize typeNutrient degradabilityMethane emissionsIn vitro gas productionRumen fermentation
spellingShingle Farhad Parnian-khajehdizaj
Sajjad Moharramnejad
Forage maize type influences on methane emissions, nutrient degradation, and fermentation profiles in ruminants
Scientific Reports
Forage maize type
Nutrient degradability
Methane emissions
In vitro gas production
Rumen fermentation
title Forage maize type influences on methane emissions, nutrient degradation, and fermentation profiles in ruminants
title_full Forage maize type influences on methane emissions, nutrient degradation, and fermentation profiles in ruminants
title_fullStr Forage maize type influences on methane emissions, nutrient degradation, and fermentation profiles in ruminants
title_full_unstemmed Forage maize type influences on methane emissions, nutrient degradation, and fermentation profiles in ruminants
title_short Forage maize type influences on methane emissions, nutrient degradation, and fermentation profiles in ruminants
title_sort forage maize type influences on methane emissions nutrient degradation and fermentation profiles in ruminants
topic Forage maize type
Nutrient degradability
Methane emissions
In vitro gas production
Rumen fermentation
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03936-2
work_keys_str_mv AT farhadparniankhajehdizaj foragemaizetypeinfluencesonmethaneemissionsnutrientdegradationandfermentationprofilesinruminants
AT sajjadmoharramnejad foragemaizetypeinfluencesonmethaneemissionsnutrientdegradationandfermentationprofilesinruminants