Career Adaptability in Special Educational Needs Populations: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence and Emerging Research Directions

Despite robust evidence linking career adaptability (CA) to positive vocational and psychosocial outcomes in general populations, research on the CA among individuals with special educational needs (SEN) remains limited. Prior reviews have largely overlooked the distinct challenges faced by SEN popu...

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Main Authors: Cheng Li, Lan Yang, Kuen Fung Sin, Fengzhan Gao, Alessandra Romano
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Behavioral Sciences
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/7/927
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author Cheng Li
Lan Yang
Kuen Fung Sin
Fengzhan Gao
Alessandra Romano
author_facet Cheng Li
Lan Yang
Kuen Fung Sin
Fengzhan Gao
Alessandra Romano
author_sort Cheng Li
collection DOAJ
description Despite robust evidence linking career adaptability (CA) to positive vocational and psychosocial outcomes in general populations, research on the CA among individuals with special educational needs (SEN) remains limited. Prior reviews have largely overlooked the distinct challenges faced by SEN populations. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review across five major databases, yielding an initial pool of 81 studies. Following rigorous screening, only eight quantitative studies met the inclusion criteria, reflecting the early stage of the research in this area. The included studies span diverse SEN groups, including individuals with visual impairments, intellectual disabilities, and mental health conditions. CA was consistently found to be associated with adaptive outcomes such as self-esteem, self-efficacy, hope, and career satisfaction. However, the literature is characterized by methodological limitations, notably the predominance of cross-sectional designs, the underrepresentation of neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., ASD, ADHD), and a lack of cross-cultural perspectives and standardized instruments specifically adapted to SEN learners. Future studies should focus on the need for longitudinal and mixed-method designs, contextually cross-cultural research, and inclusive measurement tools. Furthermore, exploring the ecological and emotional predictors of CA; expanding to underrepresented SEN subgroups; and evaluating diverse interventions beyond mentoring are essential to informing tailored educational and vocational support for individuals with SEN.
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spelling doaj-art-c7bb97ca56c9417d90971f9495be8f542025-08-20T03:58:30ZengMDPI AGBehavioral Sciences2076-328X2025-07-0115792710.3390/bs15070927Career Adaptability in Special Educational Needs Populations: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence and Emerging Research DirectionsCheng Li0Lan Yang1Kuen Fung Sin2Fengzhan Gao3Alessandra Romano4Institute of Special Needs and Inclusive Education (ISNIE), The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaInstitute of Special Needs and Inclusive Education (ISNIE), The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaInstitute of Special Needs and Inclusive Education (ISNIE), The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaInstitute of Special Needs and Inclusive Education (ISNIE), The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaDepartment of Social, Political and Cognitive Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, ItalyDespite robust evidence linking career adaptability (CA) to positive vocational and psychosocial outcomes in general populations, research on the CA among individuals with special educational needs (SEN) remains limited. Prior reviews have largely overlooked the distinct challenges faced by SEN populations. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review across five major databases, yielding an initial pool of 81 studies. Following rigorous screening, only eight quantitative studies met the inclusion criteria, reflecting the early stage of the research in this area. The included studies span diverse SEN groups, including individuals with visual impairments, intellectual disabilities, and mental health conditions. CA was consistently found to be associated with adaptive outcomes such as self-esteem, self-efficacy, hope, and career satisfaction. However, the literature is characterized by methodological limitations, notably the predominance of cross-sectional designs, the underrepresentation of neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., ASD, ADHD), and a lack of cross-cultural perspectives and standardized instruments specifically adapted to SEN learners. Future studies should focus on the need for longitudinal and mixed-method designs, contextually cross-cultural research, and inclusive measurement tools. Furthermore, exploring the ecological and emotional predictors of CA; expanding to underrepresented SEN subgroups; and evaluating diverse interventions beyond mentoring are essential to informing tailored educational and vocational support for individuals with SEN.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/7/927career adaptabilityspecial educational needssystematic reviewcareer developmentinclusive education
spellingShingle Cheng Li
Lan Yang
Kuen Fung Sin
Fengzhan Gao
Alessandra Romano
Career Adaptability in Special Educational Needs Populations: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence and Emerging Research Directions
Behavioral Sciences
career adaptability
special educational needs
systematic review
career development
inclusive education
title Career Adaptability in Special Educational Needs Populations: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence and Emerging Research Directions
title_full Career Adaptability in Special Educational Needs Populations: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence and Emerging Research Directions
title_fullStr Career Adaptability in Special Educational Needs Populations: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence and Emerging Research Directions
title_full_unstemmed Career Adaptability in Special Educational Needs Populations: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence and Emerging Research Directions
title_short Career Adaptability in Special Educational Needs Populations: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence and Emerging Research Directions
title_sort career adaptability in special educational needs populations a systematic review of the empirical evidence and emerging research directions
topic career adaptability
special educational needs
systematic review
career development
inclusive education
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/7/927
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AT kuenfungsin careeradaptabilityinspecialeducationalneedspopulationsasystematicreviewoftheempiricalevidenceandemergingresearchdirections
AT fengzhangao careeradaptabilityinspecialeducationalneedspopulationsasystematicreviewoftheempiricalevidenceandemergingresearchdirections
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