From gut to brain: exploring the impact of microbiota, dysbiosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders

Abstract Neurodegenerative disorders, a group of diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, are identified by gradual memory and motor impairment, thus, seriously affecting aging populations. New research brings a paradigm shift in the pathogenesis of these conditions by identifying gut...

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Main Authors: A. Deevan Paul, Harsini Natarajan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-08-01
Series:Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-025-00857-9
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author A. Deevan Paul
Harsini Natarajan
author_facet A. Deevan Paul
Harsini Natarajan
author_sort A. Deevan Paul
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Neurodegenerative disorders, a group of diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, are identified by gradual memory and motor impairment, thus, seriously affecting aging populations. New research brings a paradigm shift in the pathogenesis of these conditions by identifying gut microbiota as a fundamental factor owing to dysbiosis through microbiota-induced neuroinflammation. Besides, the gut microbiome, referred to as dysbiosis, is exclusively responsible for activating the immune system thereby causing neuroinflammation, something that leads to breakdown of the blood–brain barrier and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, such as amyloid-beta and alpha-synuclein. The gut-brain axis stays in the way of the advancement of such diseases, provided it allows for the necessary biochemical and immunity links. Microbial short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and other metabolic by-products that are produced by these microbes either increase or decrease the stability of the central nervous system, while reduced SCFA production caused by dysbiosis, however, brings about neuroinflammation. From this perspective, the microbiota-gut-brain connection serves as a novel source for innovation in disease cure, including probiotics, prebiotics, dietary modifications, as well as the microbiota fecal transplant, restoring the microbial balance and thus, alleviating the disease progression. This examination establishes the current role of the microbiota in neurodegeneration and potential microbiome-focused treatments for neuroprotection.
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spelling doaj-art-c7bb3f44298e4bc5924e09dadc50ecbf2025-08-20T03:04:26ZengSpringerOpenFuture Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences2314-72532025-08-0111111910.1186/s43094-025-00857-9From gut to brain: exploring the impact of microbiota, dysbiosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disordersA. Deevan Paul0Harsini Natarajan1Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Ramachandra Medical CollegeSri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Ramachandra Medical CollegeAbstract Neurodegenerative disorders, a group of diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, are identified by gradual memory and motor impairment, thus, seriously affecting aging populations. New research brings a paradigm shift in the pathogenesis of these conditions by identifying gut microbiota as a fundamental factor owing to dysbiosis through microbiota-induced neuroinflammation. Besides, the gut microbiome, referred to as dysbiosis, is exclusively responsible for activating the immune system thereby causing neuroinflammation, something that leads to breakdown of the blood–brain barrier and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, such as amyloid-beta and alpha-synuclein. The gut-brain axis stays in the way of the advancement of such diseases, provided it allows for the necessary biochemical and immunity links. Microbial short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and other metabolic by-products that are produced by these microbes either increase or decrease the stability of the central nervous system, while reduced SCFA production caused by dysbiosis, however, brings about neuroinflammation. From this perspective, the microbiota-gut-brain connection serves as a novel source for innovation in disease cure, including probiotics, prebiotics, dietary modifications, as well as the microbiota fecal transplant, restoring the microbial balance and thus, alleviating the disease progression. This examination establishes the current role of the microbiota in neurodegeneration and potential microbiome-focused treatments for neuroprotection.https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-025-00857-9Gut-brain axisMicrobiotaDysbiosisNeuroinflammationNeurodegenerative disordersAlzheimer’s disease
spellingShingle A. Deevan Paul
Harsini Natarajan
From gut to brain: exploring the impact of microbiota, dysbiosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders
Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Gut-brain axis
Microbiota
Dysbiosis
Neuroinflammation
Neurodegenerative disorders
Alzheimer’s disease
title From gut to brain: exploring the impact of microbiota, dysbiosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders
title_full From gut to brain: exploring the impact of microbiota, dysbiosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders
title_fullStr From gut to brain: exploring the impact of microbiota, dysbiosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders
title_full_unstemmed From gut to brain: exploring the impact of microbiota, dysbiosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders
title_short From gut to brain: exploring the impact of microbiota, dysbiosis, and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders
title_sort from gut to brain exploring the impact of microbiota dysbiosis and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders
topic Gut-brain axis
Microbiota
Dysbiosis
Neuroinflammation
Neurodegenerative disorders
Alzheimer’s disease
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-025-00857-9
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