Multivariate Analysis and Geostatistics of the Physicochemical Quality Waters Study from the Complex Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aneho (Southern Togo)
The hydrosystem composed of Lake Togo, Lagoon of Togoville, and Lagoon of Aného is located in the coastal zone of Togo and receives important and different kinds of mining waste that cause its degradation. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical and metallic quality of these waters and deter...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Kamilou Ouro-Sama Hodabalo Dheoulaba Solitoke Gnon Tanouayi Narcis Barsan Emilian Mosnegutu Sadikou Agbere Fègbawè Badanaro Valentin Nedeff Kissao Gnandi Florin-Marian Nedeff Mirela Panainte-Lehadus Dana Chitimus |
| author_facet | Kamilou Ouro-Sama Hodabalo Dheoulaba Solitoke Gnon Tanouayi Narcis Barsan Emilian Mosnegutu Sadikou Agbere Fègbawè Badanaro Valentin Nedeff Kissao Gnandi Florin-Marian Nedeff Mirela Panainte-Lehadus Dana Chitimus |
| author_sort | Kamilou Ouro-Sama |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The hydrosystem composed of Lake Togo, Lagoon of Togoville, and Lagoon of Aného is located in the coastal zone of Togo and receives important and different kinds of mining waste that cause its degradation. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical and metallic quality of these waters and determine the possible sources of these contaminants using geostatistical, multivariate, and special analysis methods. These waters were very mineralized according to the average conductivity (15.51 mS/cm). Average contents (μg/L) in trace elements varied from 2.46 μg/L for As to 141.63 μg/L for Pb. Average levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni were significantly higher than the WHO standards. Trace elements and physicochemical parameters showed strong spatial variations with the highest values recorded downstream of the hydrosystem. The main possible source of trace element pollution was the intrusion of seawater loaded with phosphate effluent, followed by atmospheric deposition and soil leaching. This hydrosystem, therefore, deserves special attention for better planning its management. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c7970cbcb7fc4c68aec235924ffb8003 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-c7970cbcb7fc4c68aec235924ffb80032025-08-20T02:45:53ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-07-011514794010.3390/app15147940Multivariate Analysis and Geostatistics of the Physicochemical Quality Waters Study from the Complex Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aneho (Southern Togo)Kamilou Ouro-Sama0Hodabalo Dheoulaba Solitoke1Gnon Tanouayi2Narcis Barsan3Emilian Mosnegutu4Sadikou Agbere5Fègbawè Badanaro6Valentin Nedeff7Kissao Gnandi8Florin-Marian Nedeff9Mirela Panainte-Lehadus10Dana Chitimus11Laboratoire de Gestion, Traitement et Valorisation des Déchets, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, TogoLaboratoire de Gestion, Traitement et Valorisation des Déchets, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, TogoLaboratoire de Gestion, Traitement et Valorisation des Déchets, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, TogoFaculty of Engineering, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Calea Marasesti 156, 600115 Bacau, RomaniaFaculty of Engineering, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Calea Marasesti 156, 600115 Bacau, RomaniaLaboratoire de Gestion, Traitement et Valorisation des Déchets, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, TogoLaboratoire de Biochimie Appliquée à la Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, TogoFaculty of Engineering, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Calea Marasesti 156, 600115 Bacau, RomaniaLaboratoire de Gestion, Traitement et Valorisation des Déchets, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé BP 1515, TogoFaculty of Engineering, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Calea Marasesti 156, 600115 Bacau, RomaniaFaculty of Engineering, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Calea Marasesti 156, 600115 Bacau, RomaniaFaculty of Engineering, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Calea Marasesti 156, 600115 Bacau, RomaniaThe hydrosystem composed of Lake Togo, Lagoon of Togoville, and Lagoon of Aného is located in the coastal zone of Togo and receives important and different kinds of mining waste that cause its degradation. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical and metallic quality of these waters and determine the possible sources of these contaminants using geostatistical, multivariate, and special analysis methods. These waters were very mineralized according to the average conductivity (15.51 mS/cm). Average contents (μg/L) in trace elements varied from 2.46 μg/L for As to 141.63 μg/L for Pb. Average levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni were significantly higher than the WHO standards. Trace elements and physicochemical parameters showed strong spatial variations with the highest values recorded downstream of the hydrosystem. The main possible source of trace element pollution was the intrusion of seawater loaded with phosphate effluent, followed by atmospheric deposition and soil leaching. This hydrosystem, therefore, deserves special attention for better planning its management.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7940watertrace elementsPCAgeostatisticscontaminationLake Togo |
| spellingShingle | Kamilou Ouro-Sama Hodabalo Dheoulaba Solitoke Gnon Tanouayi Narcis Barsan Emilian Mosnegutu Sadikou Agbere Fègbawè Badanaro Valentin Nedeff Kissao Gnandi Florin-Marian Nedeff Mirela Panainte-Lehadus Dana Chitimus Multivariate Analysis and Geostatistics of the Physicochemical Quality Waters Study from the Complex Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aneho (Southern Togo) Applied Sciences water trace elements PCA geostatistics contamination Lake Togo |
| title | Multivariate Analysis and Geostatistics of the Physicochemical Quality Waters Study from the Complex Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aneho (Southern Togo) |
| title_full | Multivariate Analysis and Geostatistics of the Physicochemical Quality Waters Study from the Complex Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aneho (Southern Togo) |
| title_fullStr | Multivariate Analysis and Geostatistics of the Physicochemical Quality Waters Study from the Complex Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aneho (Southern Togo) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multivariate Analysis and Geostatistics of the Physicochemical Quality Waters Study from the Complex Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aneho (Southern Togo) |
| title_short | Multivariate Analysis and Geostatistics of the Physicochemical Quality Waters Study from the Complex Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aneho (Southern Togo) |
| title_sort | multivariate analysis and geostatistics of the physicochemical quality waters study from the complex lake togo lagoon of aneho southern togo |
| topic | water trace elements PCA geostatistics contamination Lake Togo |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7940 |
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