The role of xylene as a nematicide formulation and its synergistic effects with abamectin in the management of pine wood nematodes

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pine wood nematode, poses a significant global threat to forests, resulting in severe economic and environmental damage. Currently, managing the occurrence of PWD in plants remains an ongoing challenge due to its multiple modes of transmission and broad adaptab...

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Main Authors: Min-Kyoung Kang, Hyeon-Ji Kim, Jong-Hoon Kim
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-03-01
Series:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014765132500301X
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author Min-Kyoung Kang
Hyeon-Ji Kim
Jong-Hoon Kim
author_facet Min-Kyoung Kang
Hyeon-Ji Kim
Jong-Hoon Kim
author_sort Min-Kyoung Kang
collection DOAJ
description Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pine wood nematode, poses a significant global threat to forests, resulting in severe economic and environmental damage. Currently, managing the occurrence of PWD in plants remains an ongoing challenge due to its multiple modes of transmission and broad adaptability. Moreover, there are only a few nematicidal agents for controlling these harmful nematodes. Therefore, the identification of novel nematicidal agents has become urgent and is of critical practical and economic significance. This study aimed to evaluate xylene as a supplementary agent in managing pine wood nematodes. The nematicidal efficacy of xylene was assessed, revealing that it effectively suppresses the growth, reproduction, and behavior of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at certain concentrations. Notably, the combination of xylene and abamectin achieved a 100 % mortality rate at a significantly lower concentration of 0.5 µg/mL, approximately eight times less than abamectin alone. In pot experiments, xylene treatment did not exhibit phytotoxicity towards pine trees, confirming its nematicidal activity. Furthermore, the xylene-abamectin combination effectively inhibited the development of PWD in 5-year-old Pinus densiflora trees at a dosage of 0.45 mg per tree, roughly 8 times lower than the required amount of abamectin alone under greenhouse conditions. This study is the first to demonstrate the nematicidal effects of xylene, suggesting that xylene could serve as an effective agent in nematode control formulations.
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spelling doaj-art-c6be83b472ee443dbcd9b0887b4fcaab2025-08-20T02:52:27ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-03-0129211796510.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.117965The role of xylene as a nematicide formulation and its synergistic effects with abamectin in the management of pine wood nematodesMin-Kyoung Kang0Hyeon-Ji Kim1Jong-Hoon Kim2Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South KoreaDepartment of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South KoreaDepartment of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea; Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Corresponding author at: Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea.Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pine wood nematode, poses a significant global threat to forests, resulting in severe economic and environmental damage. Currently, managing the occurrence of PWD in plants remains an ongoing challenge due to its multiple modes of transmission and broad adaptability. Moreover, there are only a few nematicidal agents for controlling these harmful nematodes. Therefore, the identification of novel nematicidal agents has become urgent and is of critical practical and economic significance. This study aimed to evaluate xylene as a supplementary agent in managing pine wood nematodes. The nematicidal efficacy of xylene was assessed, revealing that it effectively suppresses the growth, reproduction, and behavior of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at certain concentrations. Notably, the combination of xylene and abamectin achieved a 100 % mortality rate at a significantly lower concentration of 0.5 µg/mL, approximately eight times less than abamectin alone. In pot experiments, xylene treatment did not exhibit phytotoxicity towards pine trees, confirming its nematicidal activity. Furthermore, the xylene-abamectin combination effectively inhibited the development of PWD in 5-year-old Pinus densiflora trees at a dosage of 0.45 mg per tree, roughly 8 times lower than the required amount of abamectin alone under greenhouse conditions. This study is the first to demonstrate the nematicidal effects of xylene, suggesting that xylene could serve as an effective agent in nematode control formulations.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014765132500301XXyleneAbamectinBursaphelenchus xylophilusPine wilt diseaseNematicidal activity
spellingShingle Min-Kyoung Kang
Hyeon-Ji Kim
Jong-Hoon Kim
The role of xylene as a nematicide formulation and its synergistic effects with abamectin in the management of pine wood nematodes
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Xylene
Abamectin
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Pine wilt disease
Nematicidal activity
title The role of xylene as a nematicide formulation and its synergistic effects with abamectin in the management of pine wood nematodes
title_full The role of xylene as a nematicide formulation and its synergistic effects with abamectin in the management of pine wood nematodes
title_fullStr The role of xylene as a nematicide formulation and its synergistic effects with abamectin in the management of pine wood nematodes
title_full_unstemmed The role of xylene as a nematicide formulation and its synergistic effects with abamectin in the management of pine wood nematodes
title_short The role of xylene as a nematicide formulation and its synergistic effects with abamectin in the management of pine wood nematodes
title_sort role of xylene as a nematicide formulation and its synergistic effects with abamectin in the management of pine wood nematodes
topic Xylene
Abamectin
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Pine wilt disease
Nematicidal activity
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014765132500301X
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