Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Some Beverages in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Health Risk Assessment Study by Monte Carlo Simulation
The objective of the present research was to examine the contents of sodium benzoate (SB) and potassium sorbate (PS) in different beverage samples, including carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq, using high-performance liquid chromatograph...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Food Protection |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25000687 |
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| author | Shilan Muhammad Abdulla Ramin Aslani Mohammad Hasan Zarghi Saeid Yousefi Nabi Shariatifar Ebrahim Molaee-Aghaee Ayub Ebadi Fathabad |
| author_facet | Shilan Muhammad Abdulla Ramin Aslani Mohammad Hasan Zarghi Saeid Yousefi Nabi Shariatifar Ebrahim Molaee-Aghaee Ayub Ebadi Fathabad |
| author_sort | Shilan Muhammad Abdulla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objective of the present research was to examine the contents of sodium benzoate (SB) and potassium sorbate (PS) in different beverage samples, including carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq, using high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector (HPLC-UV). Furthermore, the health risks associated with these preservatives in beverages were evaluated for adults and children using Monte Carlo simulations. The mean levels of SB in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices were 103.82 ± 25.02, 70.64 ± 14.29, and 77.86 ± 33.69 mg/L, respectively. The average concentration of PS in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices was <LOD, 22.92 ± 3.88, and 118.48 ± 34.96 mg/L, respectively. SB and PS levels in samples were within standard limits set by the Codex. The health risk assessment results indicate that the hazard quotient (HQ) values of SB and PS in all beverage samples were below one and acceptable. Considering our findings, it appears that SB and PS levels in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices are not associated with a safety risk to Iraqi consumers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c6b651b4b895468ea6165e9d30fb10ca |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 0362-028X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Food Protection |
| spelling | doaj-art-c6b651b4b895468ea6165e9d30fb10ca2025-08-20T03:53:51ZengElsevierJournal of Food Protection0362-028X2025-05-0188610051610.1016/j.jfp.2025.100516Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Some Beverages in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Health Risk Assessment Study by Monte Carlo SimulationShilan Muhammad Abdulla0Ramin Aslani1Mohammad Hasan Zarghi2Saeid Yousefi3Nabi Shariatifar4Ebrahim Molaee-Aghaee5Ayub Ebadi Fathabad6Food Science and Quality Control Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, IraqDivision of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranFood and Drug Organization, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IranDivision of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDivision of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDivision of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Corresponding author at: Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.The objective of the present research was to examine the contents of sodium benzoate (SB) and potassium sorbate (PS) in different beverage samples, including carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq, using high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector (HPLC-UV). Furthermore, the health risks associated with these preservatives in beverages were evaluated for adults and children using Monte Carlo simulations. The mean levels of SB in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices were 103.82 ± 25.02, 70.64 ± 14.29, and 77.86 ± 33.69 mg/L, respectively. The average concentration of PS in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices was <LOD, 22.92 ± 3.88, and 118.48 ± 34.96 mg/L, respectively. SB and PS levels in samples were within standard limits set by the Codex. The health risk assessment results indicate that the hazard quotient (HQ) values of SB and PS in all beverage samples were below one and acceptable. Considering our findings, it appears that SB and PS levels in carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks, and fruit juices are not associated with a safety risk to Iraqi consumers.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25000687Energy drinksFruit juicesHealth risk assessmentPotassium sorbateSodium benzoateSoft drinks |
| spellingShingle | Shilan Muhammad Abdulla Ramin Aslani Mohammad Hasan Zarghi Saeid Yousefi Nabi Shariatifar Ebrahim Molaee-Aghaee Ayub Ebadi Fathabad Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Some Beverages in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Health Risk Assessment Study by Monte Carlo Simulation Journal of Food Protection Energy drinks Fruit juices Health risk assessment Potassium sorbate Sodium benzoate Soft drinks |
| title | Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Some Beverages in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Health Risk Assessment Study by Monte Carlo Simulation |
| title_full | Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Some Beverages in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Health Risk Assessment Study by Monte Carlo Simulation |
| title_fullStr | Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Some Beverages in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Health Risk Assessment Study by Monte Carlo Simulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Some Beverages in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Health Risk Assessment Study by Monte Carlo Simulation |
| title_short | Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Some Beverages in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Health Risk Assessment Study by Monte Carlo Simulation |
| title_sort | sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in some beverages in sulaymaniyah kurdistan region of iraq a health risk assessment study by monte carlo simulation |
| topic | Energy drinks Fruit juices Health risk assessment Potassium sorbate Sodium benzoate Soft drinks |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X25000687 |
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