Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide and Tri-Calcium Phosphate Treatments for Enamel Remineralization: Effects on Surface Properties and Biofilm Resistance
<b>Objectives:</b> This study aimed to compare in vitro the protective effect of two enamel remineralizing agents, a varnish containing β-tricalcium phosphate with sodium fluoride (β-TCP-F) and a paste containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with sodium fluoride (CPP...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Cecilia Carlota Barrera-Ortega Sandra E. Rodil Phaedra Silva-Bermudez Arturo Delgado-Cardona Argelia Almaguer-Flores Gina Prado-Prone |
| author_facet | Cecilia Carlota Barrera-Ortega Sandra E. Rodil Phaedra Silva-Bermudez Arturo Delgado-Cardona Argelia Almaguer-Flores Gina Prado-Prone |
| author_sort | Cecilia Carlota Barrera-Ortega |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Objectives:</b> This study aimed to compare in vitro the protective effect of two enamel remineralizing agents, a varnish containing β-tricalcium phosphate with sodium fluoride (β-TCP-F) and a paste containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with sodium fluoride (CPP-ACP-F), on artificially demineralized human enamel. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 120 human third molar enamel specimens were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 30 each): Group I (healthy enamel, control), Group II (initially demineralized, lesioned enamel), Group III (demineralized enamel and treated with β-TCP-F), and Group IV (demineralized enamel and treated with CPP-ACP-F). Groups II–IV underwent, for 15 days, a daily pH cycling regimen consisting of 21 h of demineralization under pH 4.4, followed by 3 h of remineralization under pH 7. Groups III and IV were treated with either β-TCP-F or CPP-ACP-F, prior to each 24 h demineralization–remineralization cycle. Fluoride ion release was measured after each pH cycle. Surface hardness, roughness, wettability, and <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> biofilm formation were assessed on days 5, 10, and 15 after a daily pH cycle. <b>Results:</b> CPP-ACP-F treatment showed a larger improvement in surface hardness (515.2 ± 10.7) compared to β-TCP-F (473.6 ± 12.8). Surface roughness decreased for both treatments compared to initially lesioned enamel; however, the decrease in roughness in the β-TCP-F group only reached a value of 1.193 μm after 15 days of treatment, a significantly larger value in comparison to healthy enamel. On the other hand, the decrease in roughness in the CPP-ACP-F treatment group reached a value of 0.76 μm, similar to that of healthy enamel. Contact angle measurements indicated that wettability increased in both treatment groups (β-TCP-F: 71.01°, CPP-ACP-F: 65.24°) compared to initially lesioned samples in Group II, reaching WCA values similar to or smaller than those of healthy enamel surfaces. <b>Conclusions</b>: Both treatments, β-TCP-F and CPP-ACP-F, demonstrated protective effects against enamel demineralization, with CPP-ACP-F showing superior enhancement of surface hardness and smoother enamel texture under in vitro pH cycling conditions. β-TCP-F varnish and CPP-ACP-F paste treatments counteracted surface modifications produced on human healthy enamel by in vitro demineralization. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-c6a1148da85548858d019b908659fdbf2025-08-20T03:27:10ZengMDPI AGDentistry Journal2304-67672025-05-0113624610.3390/dj13060246Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide and Tri-Calcium Phosphate Treatments for Enamel Remineralization: Effects on Surface Properties and Biofilm ResistanceCecilia Carlota Barrera-Ortega0Sandra E. Rodil1Phaedra Silva-Bermudez2Arturo Delgado-Cardona3Argelia Almaguer-Flores4Gina Prado-Prone5Research Laboratory in Nano and Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala (FESI), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54090, MexicoMaterials Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54090, MexicoUnidad de Ingeniería de Tejidos, Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Mexico City 14389, MexicoMaterials Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54090, MexicoBiointerfases Laboratory, Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, MexicoBiointerfases Laboratory, Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico<b>Objectives:</b> This study aimed to compare in vitro the protective effect of two enamel remineralizing agents, a varnish containing β-tricalcium phosphate with sodium fluoride (β-TCP-F) and a paste containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with sodium fluoride (CPP-ACP-F), on artificially demineralized human enamel. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 120 human third molar enamel specimens were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 30 each): Group I (healthy enamel, control), Group II (initially demineralized, lesioned enamel), Group III (demineralized enamel and treated with β-TCP-F), and Group IV (demineralized enamel and treated with CPP-ACP-F). Groups II–IV underwent, for 15 days, a daily pH cycling regimen consisting of 21 h of demineralization under pH 4.4, followed by 3 h of remineralization under pH 7. Groups III and IV were treated with either β-TCP-F or CPP-ACP-F, prior to each 24 h demineralization–remineralization cycle. Fluoride ion release was measured after each pH cycle. Surface hardness, roughness, wettability, and <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> biofilm formation were assessed on days 5, 10, and 15 after a daily pH cycle. <b>Results:</b> CPP-ACP-F treatment showed a larger improvement in surface hardness (515.2 ± 10.7) compared to β-TCP-F (473.6 ± 12.8). Surface roughness decreased for both treatments compared to initially lesioned enamel; however, the decrease in roughness in the β-TCP-F group only reached a value of 1.193 μm after 15 days of treatment, a significantly larger value in comparison to healthy enamel. On the other hand, the decrease in roughness in the CPP-ACP-F treatment group reached a value of 0.76 μm, similar to that of healthy enamel. Contact angle measurements indicated that wettability increased in both treatment groups (β-TCP-F: 71.01°, CPP-ACP-F: 65.24°) compared to initially lesioned samples in Group II, reaching WCA values similar to or smaller than those of healthy enamel surfaces. <b>Conclusions</b>: Both treatments, β-TCP-F and CPP-ACP-F, demonstrated protective effects against enamel demineralization, with CPP-ACP-F showing superior enhancement of surface hardness and smoother enamel texture under in vitro pH cycling conditions. β-TCP-F varnish and CPP-ACP-F paste treatments counteracted surface modifications produced on human healthy enamel by in vitro demineralization.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6767/13/6/246CPP-ACP-Fβ-TCP-Fenamel remineralizationsurface hardnessroughnesswettability |
| spellingShingle | Cecilia Carlota Barrera-Ortega Sandra E. Rodil Phaedra Silva-Bermudez Arturo Delgado-Cardona Argelia Almaguer-Flores Gina Prado-Prone Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide and Tri-Calcium Phosphate Treatments for Enamel Remineralization: Effects on Surface Properties and Biofilm Resistance Dentistry Journal CPP-ACP-F β-TCP-F enamel remineralization surface hardness roughness wettability |
| title | Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide and Tri-Calcium Phosphate Treatments for Enamel Remineralization: Effects on Surface Properties and Biofilm Resistance |
| title_full | Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide and Tri-Calcium Phosphate Treatments for Enamel Remineralization: Effects on Surface Properties and Biofilm Resistance |
| title_fullStr | Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide and Tri-Calcium Phosphate Treatments for Enamel Remineralization: Effects on Surface Properties and Biofilm Resistance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide and Tri-Calcium Phosphate Treatments for Enamel Remineralization: Effects on Surface Properties and Biofilm Resistance |
| title_short | Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide and Tri-Calcium Phosphate Treatments for Enamel Remineralization: Effects on Surface Properties and Biofilm Resistance |
| title_sort | fluoride casein phosphopeptide and tri calcium phosphate treatments for enamel remineralization effects on surface properties and biofilm resistance |
| topic | CPP-ACP-F β-TCP-F enamel remineralization surface hardness roughness wettability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6767/13/6/246 |
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