Optimization of Encapsulation Core–Shell Structure to Preserve Polyphenols in Soy Protein—Polysaccharide Co-Dried Complexes
Polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant properties, but their instability necessitates effective encapsulation for enhanced stability and controlled release. This study prepared water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) emulsions to encapsulate EVOO...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Xinyue Zheng Xiaofang Chu Hongyang Pan |
| author_facet | Xinyue Zheng Xiaofang Chu Hongyang Pan |
| author_sort | Xinyue Zheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant properties, but their instability necessitates effective encapsulation for enhanced stability and controlled release. This study prepared water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) emulsions to encapsulate EVOO using a two-step emulsification technique with varying concentrations of soy protein isolate (SPI) (0–10% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), maltodextrin (MD) (0–20% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) (0–0.5% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>). A three-factor central composite design (CCD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to establish 20 W1/O/W2 emulsions to analyze the effects of the formulation on emulsion properties. Additionally, the effects of different pH levels on emulsion stability were investigated. The results showed that the ratios of SPI, MD, and PGA significantly influenced particle size distribution, stability, and encapsulation efficiency. PGA enhanced the rigidity of the interfacial membrane, forming stable core–shell structures and reducing EVOO release. The optimal formulation (7.887% SPI, 15.774% MD, 0.395% PGA) achieved superior encapsulation efficiency (97.66%), long-term stability, and viscosity below 300 mPa·s. Cryo-TEM analysis confirmed the formation of core–shell structures, while Zeta potential measurements indicated smaller particle sizes and enhanced stability at pH 11. This optimized W1/O/W2 emulsion system offers a promising food-grade delivery platform for hydrophobic bioactive compounds, enabling enhanced stability and controlled release of EVOO polyphenols for applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and other industries. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
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| spelling | doaj-art-c6869fdfbc9045698ffc980306f1e77f2025-08-20T02:53:21ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-02-0130597810.3390/molecules30050978Optimization of Encapsulation Core–Shell Structure to Preserve Polyphenols in Soy Protein—Polysaccharide Co-Dried ComplexesXinyue Zheng0Xiaofang Chu1Hongyang Pan2Engineer Faculty, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2008, AustraliaInstitute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaPolyphenols from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant properties, but their instability necessitates effective encapsulation for enhanced stability and controlled release. This study prepared water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) emulsions to encapsulate EVOO using a two-step emulsification technique with varying concentrations of soy protein isolate (SPI) (0–10% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), maltodextrin (MD) (0–20% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>), and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) (0–0.5% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>). A three-factor central composite design (CCD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to establish 20 W1/O/W2 emulsions to analyze the effects of the formulation on emulsion properties. Additionally, the effects of different pH levels on emulsion stability were investigated. The results showed that the ratios of SPI, MD, and PGA significantly influenced particle size distribution, stability, and encapsulation efficiency. PGA enhanced the rigidity of the interfacial membrane, forming stable core–shell structures and reducing EVOO release. The optimal formulation (7.887% SPI, 15.774% MD, 0.395% PGA) achieved superior encapsulation efficiency (97.66%), long-term stability, and viscosity below 300 mPa·s. Cryo-TEM analysis confirmed the formation of core–shell structures, while Zeta potential measurements indicated smaller particle sizes and enhanced stability at pH 11. This optimized W1/O/W2 emulsion system offers a promising food-grade delivery platform for hydrophobic bioactive compounds, enabling enhanced stability and controlled release of EVOO polyphenols for applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and other industries.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/5/978extra virgin olive oil (EVOO)soy protein isolate (SPI)maltodextrin (MD)propylene glycol alginate (PGA)encapsulationcore–shell structure |
| spellingShingle | Xinyue Zheng Xiaofang Chu Hongyang Pan Optimization of Encapsulation Core–Shell Structure to Preserve Polyphenols in Soy Protein—Polysaccharide Co-Dried Complexes Molecules extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) soy protein isolate (SPI) maltodextrin (MD) propylene glycol alginate (PGA) encapsulation core–shell structure |
| title | Optimization of Encapsulation Core–Shell Structure to Preserve Polyphenols in Soy Protein—Polysaccharide Co-Dried Complexes |
| title_full | Optimization of Encapsulation Core–Shell Structure to Preserve Polyphenols in Soy Protein—Polysaccharide Co-Dried Complexes |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of Encapsulation Core–Shell Structure to Preserve Polyphenols in Soy Protein—Polysaccharide Co-Dried Complexes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of Encapsulation Core–Shell Structure to Preserve Polyphenols in Soy Protein—Polysaccharide Co-Dried Complexes |
| title_short | Optimization of Encapsulation Core–Shell Structure to Preserve Polyphenols in Soy Protein—Polysaccharide Co-Dried Complexes |
| title_sort | optimization of encapsulation core shell structure to preserve polyphenols in soy protein polysaccharide co dried complexes |
| topic | extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) soy protein isolate (SPI) maltodextrin (MD) propylene glycol alginate (PGA) encapsulation core–shell structure |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/5/978 |
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