Comparison of intensity normalization methods in prostate, brain, and breast cancer multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging
ObjectivesIntensity variation in multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) is a confounding factor in MRI analyses. Previous studies have employed several normalization methods, but there is a lack of consensus on which method results in the most comparable images across vendors and acqui...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Oncology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1433444/full |
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| author | Savannah R. Duenweg Samuel A. Bobholz Allison K. Lowman Aleksandra Winiarz Biprojit Nath Michael J. Barrett Fitzgerald Kyereme Stephanie Vincent-Sheldon Peter LaViolette |
| author_facet | Savannah R. Duenweg Samuel A. Bobholz Allison K. Lowman Aleksandra Winiarz Biprojit Nath Michael J. Barrett Fitzgerald Kyereme Stephanie Vincent-Sheldon Peter LaViolette |
| author_sort | Savannah R. Duenweg |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ObjectivesIntensity variation in multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) is a confounding factor in MRI analyses. Previous studies have employed several normalization methods, but there is a lack of consensus on which method results in the most comparable images across vendors and acquisitions. This study used MP-MRI collected from patients with confirmed prostate, brain, or breast cancer to examine common intensity normalization methods to identify which best harmonizes intensity values across cofounds.Materials and methodsMultiple normalization methods were deployed for intensity comparison between three unique sites, MR vendors, and magnetic field strength. Additionally, we calculated radiomic features before and after intensity normalization to determine how downstream analyses may be affected. Specifically, in the prostate cancer cohort, we tested these methods on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and additionally looked at a subset of patients who were scanned with and without the use of an endorectal coil (ERC). In a cohort of glioblastoma (GBM) patients, we tested these methods in T1 pre- and post-contrast enhancement (T1, T1C), fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Finally, in the breast cancer cohort, we tested methods on T1-weighted nonfat-suppressed images. All methods were compared using a two one-sided test (TOST) to test for equivalence of mean and standard deviation of intensity distributions.ResultsWhile each organ had unique results, across every tested comparison, using the Z-score of intensity within a mask of the organ consistently provided an equivalent distribution (all p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results suggest that intensity normalization using the Z-score of intensity within prostate, breast, and brain MR images produces the most comparable intensities between sites, MR vendors, magnetic field strength, and prostate endorectal coil usage. Likewise, Z-score normalization provided the highest percentage of radiomic features that were statistically equal across the three organs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c685a496c2234714b58aea3ae0d219bd |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2234-943X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Oncology |
| spelling | doaj-art-c685a496c2234714b58aea3ae0d219bd2025-02-07T05:10:36ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Oncology2234-943X2025-02-011510.3389/fonc.2025.14334441433444Comparison of intensity normalization methods in prostate, brain, and breast cancer multi-parametric magnetic resonance imagingSavannah R. Duenweg0Samuel A. Bobholz1Allison K. Lowman2Aleksandra Winiarz3Biprojit Nath4Michael J. Barrett5Fitzgerald Kyereme6Stephanie Vincent-Sheldon7Peter LaViolette8Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesDepartment of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesDepartment of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesDepartment of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesObjectivesIntensity variation in multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) is a confounding factor in MRI analyses. Previous studies have employed several normalization methods, but there is a lack of consensus on which method results in the most comparable images across vendors and acquisitions. This study used MP-MRI collected from patients with confirmed prostate, brain, or breast cancer to examine common intensity normalization methods to identify which best harmonizes intensity values across cofounds.Materials and methodsMultiple normalization methods were deployed for intensity comparison between three unique sites, MR vendors, and magnetic field strength. Additionally, we calculated radiomic features before and after intensity normalization to determine how downstream analyses may be affected. Specifically, in the prostate cancer cohort, we tested these methods on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and additionally looked at a subset of patients who were scanned with and without the use of an endorectal coil (ERC). In a cohort of glioblastoma (GBM) patients, we tested these methods in T1 pre- and post-contrast enhancement (T1, T1C), fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Finally, in the breast cancer cohort, we tested methods on T1-weighted nonfat-suppressed images. All methods were compared using a two one-sided test (TOST) to test for equivalence of mean and standard deviation of intensity distributions.ResultsWhile each organ had unique results, across every tested comparison, using the Z-score of intensity within a mask of the organ consistently provided an equivalent distribution (all p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results suggest that intensity normalization using the Z-score of intensity within prostate, breast, and brain MR images produces the most comparable intensities between sites, MR vendors, magnetic field strength, and prostate endorectal coil usage. Likewise, Z-score normalization provided the highest percentage of radiomic features that were statistically equal across the three organs.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1433444/fullMRIprostate cancerbrain cancerbreast cancernormalizationradiomics |
| spellingShingle | Savannah R. Duenweg Samuel A. Bobholz Allison K. Lowman Aleksandra Winiarz Biprojit Nath Michael J. Barrett Fitzgerald Kyereme Stephanie Vincent-Sheldon Peter LaViolette Comparison of intensity normalization methods in prostate, brain, and breast cancer multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging Frontiers in Oncology MRI prostate cancer brain cancer breast cancer normalization radiomics |
| title | Comparison of intensity normalization methods in prostate, brain, and breast cancer multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging |
| title_full | Comparison of intensity normalization methods in prostate, brain, and breast cancer multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of intensity normalization methods in prostate, brain, and breast cancer multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of intensity normalization methods in prostate, brain, and breast cancer multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging |
| title_short | Comparison of intensity normalization methods in prostate, brain, and breast cancer multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging |
| title_sort | comparison of intensity normalization methods in prostate brain and breast cancer multi parametric magnetic resonance imaging |
| topic | MRI prostate cancer brain cancer breast cancer normalization radiomics |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1433444/full |
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