ApoBDs: a paradigm shift from cellular debris to therapeutic vehicles

Apoptosis, a genetically programmed cell death process, is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs), membrane-bound vesicles generated during apoptosis and once considered mere cellular debris, can be classified into apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs), microvesicles, and apopt...

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Main Authors: Zixuan Xiong, Fen Xiao, Yuanyuan Sun, Hankun Su, Di Liu, Boya Tang, Wenyan Jian, Tianli Yang, Jing Zhao, Yanping Li, Hui Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Endocrinology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1626796/full
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author Zixuan Xiong
Zixuan Xiong
Fen Xiao
Yuanyuan Sun
Yuanyuan Sun
Hankun Su
Hankun Su
Di Liu
Di Liu
Boya Tang
Boya Tang
Wenyan Jian
Tianli Yang
Tianli Yang
Jing Zhao
Jing Zhao
Yanping Li
Yanping Li
Hui Li
Hui Li
author_facet Zixuan Xiong
Zixuan Xiong
Fen Xiao
Yuanyuan Sun
Yuanyuan Sun
Hankun Su
Hankun Su
Di Liu
Di Liu
Boya Tang
Boya Tang
Wenyan Jian
Tianli Yang
Tianli Yang
Jing Zhao
Jing Zhao
Yanping Li
Yanping Li
Hui Li
Hui Li
author_sort Zixuan Xiong
collection DOAJ
description Apoptosis, a genetically programmed cell death process, is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs), membrane-bound vesicles generated during apoptosis and once considered mere cellular debris, can be classified into apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs), microvesicles, and apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs) based on their grain size. These vesicles, packed with bioactive molecules, not only drive tumor growth and metastasis, but also contribute to tissue and organ repair. This review focus on the origins, formation mechanisms, and dual functions of ApoBDs across various diseases, highlighting their paradoxical nature as both disease promoters and therapeutic allies. It further explores the application prospects and clinical practice of ApoBDs in cancer treatment, immune modulation, and tissue regeneration. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive perspective on the transformative potential of ApoBDs in modern medicine, while outlining current challenges and future directions for ongoing research and clinical application.
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institution DOAJ
issn 1664-2392
language English
publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format Article
series Frontiers in Endocrinology
spelling doaj-art-c649d05e34ff456398f571d7f7f05caa2025-08-20T03:13:21ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922025-07-011610.3389/fendo.2025.16267961626796ApoBDs: a paradigm shift from cellular debris to therapeutic vehiclesZixuan Xiong0Zixuan Xiong1Fen Xiao2Yuanyuan Sun3Yuanyuan Sun4Hankun Su5Hankun Su6Di Liu7Di Liu8Boya Tang9Boya Tang10Wenyan Jian11Tianli Yang12Tianli Yang13Jing Zhao14Jing Zhao15Yanping Li16Yanping Li17Hui Li18Hui Li19Department of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaClinical Research Center for Women’s Reproductive Health in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaClinical Research Center for Women’s Reproductive Health in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaClinical Research Center for Women’s Reproductive Health in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaClinical Research Center for Women’s Reproductive Health in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaClinical Research Center for Women’s Reproductive Health in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Fetal Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaClinical Research Center for Women’s Reproductive Health in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaClinical Research Center for Women’s Reproductive Health in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaClinical Research Center for Women’s Reproductive Health in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaClinical Research Center for Women’s Reproductive Health in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, ChinaApoptosis, a genetically programmed cell death process, is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs), membrane-bound vesicles generated during apoptosis and once considered mere cellular debris, can be classified into apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs), microvesicles, and apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs) based on their grain size. These vesicles, packed with bioactive molecules, not only drive tumor growth and metastasis, but also contribute to tissue and organ repair. This review focus on the origins, formation mechanisms, and dual functions of ApoBDs across various diseases, highlighting their paradoxical nature as both disease promoters and therapeutic allies. It further explores the application prospects and clinical practice of ApoBDs in cancer treatment, immune modulation, and tissue regeneration. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive perspective on the transformative potential of ApoBDs in modern medicine, while outlining current challenges and future directions for ongoing research and clinical application.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1626796/fullapoptotic bodiesapoptotic vesiclestissue regenerationtherapeuticsdiagnosis
spellingShingle Zixuan Xiong
Zixuan Xiong
Fen Xiao
Yuanyuan Sun
Yuanyuan Sun
Hankun Su
Hankun Su
Di Liu
Di Liu
Boya Tang
Boya Tang
Wenyan Jian
Tianli Yang
Tianli Yang
Jing Zhao
Jing Zhao
Yanping Li
Yanping Li
Hui Li
Hui Li
ApoBDs: a paradigm shift from cellular debris to therapeutic vehicles
Frontiers in Endocrinology
apoptotic bodies
apoptotic vesicles
tissue regeneration
therapeutics
diagnosis
title ApoBDs: a paradigm shift from cellular debris to therapeutic vehicles
title_full ApoBDs: a paradigm shift from cellular debris to therapeutic vehicles
title_fullStr ApoBDs: a paradigm shift from cellular debris to therapeutic vehicles
title_full_unstemmed ApoBDs: a paradigm shift from cellular debris to therapeutic vehicles
title_short ApoBDs: a paradigm shift from cellular debris to therapeutic vehicles
title_sort apobds a paradigm shift from cellular debris to therapeutic vehicles
topic apoptotic bodies
apoptotic vesicles
tissue regeneration
therapeutics
diagnosis
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1626796/full
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