Ethical gaps in closed-loop neurotechnology: a scoping review

Abstract Closed-loop (CL) neurotechnology, which dynamically adapts to patients’ neural states, offers new opportunities for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, its real-time feedback mechanisms raise critical ethical challenges. This scoping review assesses whether and how cli...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Lea Haag, Georg Starke, Markus Ploner, Marcello Ienca
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:npj Digital Medicine
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01908-4
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