Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
IntroductionTo achieve universal health coverage consistent with World Health Organization recommendations, monitoring financial protection is vital, even in the context of free medical care. Toward this end, this study investigated out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on medicines and their determinants...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2024.1478412/full |
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| author | Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi Mpho Keetile |
| author_facet | Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi Mpho Keetile |
| author_sort | Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionTo achieve universal health coverage consistent with World Health Organization recommendations, monitoring financial protection is vital, even in the context of free medical care. Toward this end, this study investigated out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on medicines and their determinants among adults in Saudi Arabia.MethodsThis analysis was based on cross-sectional data derived from the Family Health Survey conducted by the General Authority for Statistics in 2018. Data analyses for this study were based on the total sample of 10,785 respondents. Descriptive statistics were used to identify the sample distribution for all variables included in the study. Tobit regression analysis was used to examine the determinants of OOP expenditure on medicines.ResultsThe average OOP expenditure on medicines was estimated to be 279.69 Saudi Riyal in the sampled population. Tobit regression analysis showed that age, average household monthly income, education level, and suffering a chronic condition were the main determinants of OOP expenditure on medicines. Conversely, being married and employed were associated with a lower probability of OOP expenditure on medicines.ConclusionThis study could assist policy makers to provide additional insurance funding and benefits to reduce the possibility of catastrophic OOP expenditure on medicines, especially for the most vulnerable demographic. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c590cc0f547149f48b68ceeb7bdf4a0e |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2296-858X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Medicine |
| spelling | doaj-art-c590cc0f547149f48b68ceeb7bdf4a0e2025-08-20T02:12:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Medicine2296-858X2024-11-011110.3389/fmed.2024.14784121478412Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional studyMohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi0Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi1Mpho Keetile2Department of Health Services and Hospitals Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaHealth Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Population Studies, University of Botswana, Gaborone, BotswanaIntroductionTo achieve universal health coverage consistent with World Health Organization recommendations, monitoring financial protection is vital, even in the context of free medical care. Toward this end, this study investigated out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on medicines and their determinants among adults in Saudi Arabia.MethodsThis analysis was based on cross-sectional data derived from the Family Health Survey conducted by the General Authority for Statistics in 2018. Data analyses for this study were based on the total sample of 10,785 respondents. Descriptive statistics were used to identify the sample distribution for all variables included in the study. Tobit regression analysis was used to examine the determinants of OOP expenditure on medicines.ResultsThe average OOP expenditure on medicines was estimated to be 279.69 Saudi Riyal in the sampled population. Tobit regression analysis showed that age, average household monthly income, education level, and suffering a chronic condition were the main determinants of OOP expenditure on medicines. Conversely, being married and employed were associated with a lower probability of OOP expenditure on medicines.ConclusionThis study could assist policy makers to provide additional insurance funding and benefits to reduce the possibility of catastrophic OOP expenditure on medicines, especially for the most vulnerable demographic.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2024.1478412/fulldeterminantsexpenditureout-of-pocketmedicinesSaudi Arabia |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi Mpho Keetile Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study Frontiers in Medicine determinants expenditure out-of-pocket medicines Saudi Arabia |
| title | Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Determinants of out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines among adults in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | determinants of out of pocket expenditure on medicines among adults in saudi arabia a cross sectional study |
| topic | determinants expenditure out-of-pocket medicines Saudi Arabia |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2024.1478412/full |
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