Angiogenic Cell Precursors and Neural Cell Precursors in Service to the Brain–Computer Interface
The application of artificial intelligence through the brain–computer interface (BCI) is proving to be one of the great advances in neuroscience today. The development of surface electrodes over the cortex and very fine electrodes that can be stereotactically implanted in the brain have moved the sc...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/15/1163 |
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| author | Fraser C. Henderson Kelly Tuchman |
| author_facet | Fraser C. Henderson Kelly Tuchman |
| author_sort | Fraser C. Henderson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The application of artificial intelligence through the brain–computer interface (BCI) is proving to be one of the great advances in neuroscience today. The development of surface electrodes over the cortex and very fine electrodes that can be stereotactically implanted in the brain have moved the science forward to the extent that paralyzed people can play chess and blind people can read letters. However, the introduction of foreign bodies into deeper parts of the central nervous system results in foreign body reaction, scarring, apoptosis, and decreased signaling. Implanted electrodes activate microglia, causing the release of inflammatory factors, the recruitment of systemic inflammatory cells to the site of injury, and ultimately glial scarring and the encapsulation of the electrode. Recordings historically fail between 6 months and 1 year; the longest BCI in use has been 7 years. This article proposes a biomolecular strategy provided by angiogenic cell precursors (ACPs) and nerve cell precursors (NCPs), administered intrathecally. This combination of cells is anticipated to sustain and promote learning across the BCI. Together, through the downstream activation of neurotrophic factors, they may exert a salutary immunomodulatory suppression of inflammation, anti-apoptosis, homeostasis, angiogenesis, differentiation, synaptogenesis, neuritogenesis, and learning-associated plasticity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c58b2203c02a4d6891a588bde4eb60fa |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj-art-c58b2203c02a4d6891a588bde4eb60fa2025-08-20T03:36:03ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092025-07-011415116310.3390/cells14151163Angiogenic Cell Precursors and Neural Cell Precursors in Service to the Brain–Computer InterfaceFraser C. Henderson0Kelly Tuchman1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USAThe Metropolitan Neurosurgery Group, 1401 Mercantile Lane Suite #341, Upper Marlboro, MD 20774, USAThe application of artificial intelligence through the brain–computer interface (BCI) is proving to be one of the great advances in neuroscience today. The development of surface electrodes over the cortex and very fine electrodes that can be stereotactically implanted in the brain have moved the science forward to the extent that paralyzed people can play chess and blind people can read letters. However, the introduction of foreign bodies into deeper parts of the central nervous system results in foreign body reaction, scarring, apoptosis, and decreased signaling. Implanted electrodes activate microglia, causing the release of inflammatory factors, the recruitment of systemic inflammatory cells to the site of injury, and ultimately glial scarring and the encapsulation of the electrode. Recordings historically fail between 6 months and 1 year; the longest BCI in use has been 7 years. This article proposes a biomolecular strategy provided by angiogenic cell precursors (ACPs) and nerve cell precursors (NCPs), administered intrathecally. This combination of cells is anticipated to sustain and promote learning across the BCI. Together, through the downstream activation of neurotrophic factors, they may exert a salutary immunomodulatory suppression of inflammation, anti-apoptosis, homeostasis, angiogenesis, differentiation, synaptogenesis, neuritogenesis, and learning-associated plasticity.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/15/1163ACPNCPprogenitor cellsstem cellsNF-κBNK cells |
| spellingShingle | Fraser C. Henderson Kelly Tuchman Angiogenic Cell Precursors and Neural Cell Precursors in Service to the Brain–Computer Interface Cells ACP NCP progenitor cells stem cells NF-κB NK cells |
| title | Angiogenic Cell Precursors and Neural Cell Precursors in Service to the Brain–Computer Interface |
| title_full | Angiogenic Cell Precursors and Neural Cell Precursors in Service to the Brain–Computer Interface |
| title_fullStr | Angiogenic Cell Precursors and Neural Cell Precursors in Service to the Brain–Computer Interface |
| title_full_unstemmed | Angiogenic Cell Precursors and Neural Cell Precursors in Service to the Brain–Computer Interface |
| title_short | Angiogenic Cell Precursors and Neural Cell Precursors in Service to the Brain–Computer Interface |
| title_sort | angiogenic cell precursors and neural cell precursors in service to the brain computer interface |
| topic | ACP NCP progenitor cells stem cells NF-κB NK cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/15/1163 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fraserchenderson angiogeniccellprecursorsandneuralcellprecursorsinservicetothebraincomputerinterface AT kellytuchman angiogeniccellprecursorsandneuralcellprecursorsinservicetothebraincomputerinterface |