Transition Risk in Climate Change: A Literature Review

Climate risk is the negative effect of climate change on several aspects of the environment, business, and society. There are two categories of climate risks: physical risks include direct impacts due to extreme events and chronic changes due to climate modifications that have become commonplace; th...

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Main Authors: Elisa Di Febo, Eliana Angelini
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Risks
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/13/4/66
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author Elisa Di Febo
Eliana Angelini
author_facet Elisa Di Febo
Eliana Angelini
author_sort Elisa Di Febo
collection DOAJ
description Climate risk is the negative effect of climate change on several aspects of the environment, business, and society. There are two categories of climate risks: physical risks include direct impacts due to extreme events and chronic changes due to climate modifications that have become commonplace; the transition risk arises from the economic and regulatory adjustments required to shift toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the transition to renewable energy. The problem, in financial terms, is the correct assessment and quantification of transition risk, as it is not univocal in the literature. This research aims to provide a literature review on transition risk that permits filling this gap and identifying the proxies used for its representation and evaluation. Moreover, the analysis considers the critical aspect of the connection between transition and credit risk, as firms exposed to high transition risks may face challenges in maintaining creditworthiness. Results highlight the most commonly used proxies, including carbon pricing, CO<sub>2</sub> or GHG emissions, and metrics from various databases. However, the findings emphasize the importance of integrating these indicators with broader factors, such as a company’s negative environmental impacts (e.g., waste production and water usage) and delays in technological adaptation from a forward-looking perspective.
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spelling doaj-art-c4f3d199447e4a1caab36bc64635848c2025-08-20T02:25:12ZengMDPI AGRisks2227-90912025-03-011346610.3390/risks13040066Transition Risk in Climate Change: A Literature ReviewElisa Di Febo0Eliana Angelini1Department of Economic Studies, University of “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro, 42, 65127 Pescara, ItalyDepartment of Economic Studies, University of “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro, 42, 65127 Pescara, ItalyClimate risk is the negative effect of climate change on several aspects of the environment, business, and society. There are two categories of climate risks: physical risks include direct impacts due to extreme events and chronic changes due to climate modifications that have become commonplace; the transition risk arises from the economic and regulatory adjustments required to shift toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the transition to renewable energy. The problem, in financial terms, is the correct assessment and quantification of transition risk, as it is not univocal in the literature. This research aims to provide a literature review on transition risk that permits filling this gap and identifying the proxies used for its representation and evaluation. Moreover, the analysis considers the critical aspect of the connection between transition and credit risk, as firms exposed to high transition risks may face challenges in maintaining creditworthiness. Results highlight the most commonly used proxies, including carbon pricing, CO<sub>2</sub> or GHG emissions, and metrics from various databases. However, the findings emphasize the importance of integrating these indicators with broader factors, such as a company’s negative environmental impacts (e.g., waste production and water usage) and delays in technological adaptation from a forward-looking perspective.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/13/4/66transition riskcarbon priceclimate changecredit riskbanking system
spellingShingle Elisa Di Febo
Eliana Angelini
Transition Risk in Climate Change: A Literature Review
Risks
transition risk
carbon price
climate change
credit risk
banking system
title Transition Risk in Climate Change: A Literature Review
title_full Transition Risk in Climate Change: A Literature Review
title_fullStr Transition Risk in Climate Change: A Literature Review
title_full_unstemmed Transition Risk in Climate Change: A Literature Review
title_short Transition Risk in Climate Change: A Literature Review
title_sort transition risk in climate change a literature review
topic transition risk
carbon price
climate change
credit risk
banking system
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/13/4/66
work_keys_str_mv AT elisadifebo transitionriskinclimatechangealiteraturereview
AT elianaangelini transitionriskinclimatechangealiteraturereview