Natural rubber composites incorporating alkali lignin: Property characterization and functional evaluation

Conventional natural rubber (NR) fillers pose several environmental concerns. This study presents the sustainable development of NR composites incorporating sugarcane leaf (SCL)-derived alkali lignin and commercial alkali lignin as functional fillers. The primary objective was to evaluate the mechan...

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Main Authors: Skulrat Pichaiyut, Bunyarit Panyapinyopol, Parinvadee Chukaew, Yuwanda Thongpanich, Fuangfa Utrarachkij, Sanchai Kuboon, Wasawat Kraithong, Pongtanawat Khemthong, Kriangsak Riewklang, Kamonwat Nakason, Wanwitoo Wanmolee
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. 2025-12-01
Series:Resources Chemicals and Materials
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772443325000364
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author Skulrat Pichaiyut
Bunyarit Panyapinyopol
Parinvadee Chukaew
Yuwanda Thongpanich
Fuangfa Utrarachkij
Sanchai Kuboon
Wasawat Kraithong
Pongtanawat Khemthong
Kriangsak Riewklang
Kamonwat Nakason
Wanwitoo Wanmolee
author_facet Skulrat Pichaiyut
Bunyarit Panyapinyopol
Parinvadee Chukaew
Yuwanda Thongpanich
Fuangfa Utrarachkij
Sanchai Kuboon
Wasawat Kraithong
Pongtanawat Khemthong
Kriangsak Riewklang
Kamonwat Nakason
Wanwitoo Wanmolee
author_sort Skulrat Pichaiyut
collection DOAJ
description Conventional natural rubber (NR) fillers pose several environmental concerns. This study presents the sustainable development of NR composites incorporating sugarcane leaf (SCL)-derived alkali lignin and commercial alkali lignin as functional fillers. The primary objective was to evaluate the mechanical properties, aging resistance, thermal stability, and antimicrobial activity of the NR composites. Various NR composites were prepared by different filler types, including KOH-extracted SCL lignin, commercial alkali lignin, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The results show that NR composites containing KOH-extracted SCL lignin exhibited superior mechanical properties (crosslink density 126 mol/m3), improved aging resistance (aging coefficient 80.08 %), and enhanced thermal stability (the thermal degradation with 50 % weight loss (T50) and the highest degradation rate occurs (Td) of 394 and 383 °C, respectively) compared to all other samples. NR composites with commercial lignin demonstrated the highest reduction in Staphylococcus aureus populations (56.25 %). The NR composites with KOH-extracted SCL lignin displayed limited antimicrobial efficacy (37.78 %), suggesting that its primary contribution lies in mechanical and thermal reinforcement rather than microbial inhibition. These findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly lignin from SCL biomass as a sustainable bio-based filler for NR composites.
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publisher KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
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spelling doaj-art-c4e26001188b4ff4abc30885930f26072025-08-20T03:35:47ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Resources Chemicals and Materials2772-44332025-12-014410012610.1016/j.recm.2025.100126Natural rubber composites incorporating alkali lignin: Property characterization and functional evaluationSkulrat Pichaiyut0Bunyarit Panyapinyopol1Parinvadee Chukaew2Yuwanda Thongpanich3Fuangfa Utrarachkij4Sanchai Kuboon5Wasawat Kraithong6Pongtanawat Khemthong7Kriangsak Riewklang8Kamonwat Nakason9Wanwitoo Wanmolee10Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Surat Thani, 84000, ThailandDepartment of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, ThailandDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, ThailandNational Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, ThailandNational Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, ThailandNational Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, 12120, ThailandDepartment of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, ThailandDepartment of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok, Thailand; Corresponding authors.Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; Center of Eco-Materials and Cleaner Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand; Corresponding authors.Conventional natural rubber (NR) fillers pose several environmental concerns. This study presents the sustainable development of NR composites incorporating sugarcane leaf (SCL)-derived alkali lignin and commercial alkali lignin as functional fillers. The primary objective was to evaluate the mechanical properties, aging resistance, thermal stability, and antimicrobial activity of the NR composites. Various NR composites were prepared by different filler types, including KOH-extracted SCL lignin, commercial alkali lignin, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The results show that NR composites containing KOH-extracted SCL lignin exhibited superior mechanical properties (crosslink density 126 mol/m3), improved aging resistance (aging coefficient 80.08 %), and enhanced thermal stability (the thermal degradation with 50 % weight loss (T50) and the highest degradation rate occurs (Td) of 394 and 383 °C, respectively) compared to all other samples. NR composites with commercial lignin demonstrated the highest reduction in Staphylococcus aureus populations (56.25 %). The NR composites with KOH-extracted SCL lignin displayed limited antimicrobial efficacy (37.78 %), suggesting that its primary contribution lies in mechanical and thermal reinforcement rather than microbial inhibition. These findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly lignin from SCL biomass as a sustainable bio-based filler for NR composites.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772443325000364Natural rubberLigninBiomass utilizationThermal propertiesAging properties
spellingShingle Skulrat Pichaiyut
Bunyarit Panyapinyopol
Parinvadee Chukaew
Yuwanda Thongpanich
Fuangfa Utrarachkij
Sanchai Kuboon
Wasawat Kraithong
Pongtanawat Khemthong
Kriangsak Riewklang
Kamonwat Nakason
Wanwitoo Wanmolee
Natural rubber composites incorporating alkali lignin: Property characterization and functional evaluation
Resources Chemicals and Materials
Natural rubber
Lignin
Biomass utilization
Thermal properties
Aging properties
title Natural rubber composites incorporating alkali lignin: Property characterization and functional evaluation
title_full Natural rubber composites incorporating alkali lignin: Property characterization and functional evaluation
title_fullStr Natural rubber composites incorporating alkali lignin: Property characterization and functional evaluation
title_full_unstemmed Natural rubber composites incorporating alkali lignin: Property characterization and functional evaluation
title_short Natural rubber composites incorporating alkali lignin: Property characterization and functional evaluation
title_sort natural rubber composites incorporating alkali lignin property characterization and functional evaluation
topic Natural rubber
Lignin
Biomass utilization
Thermal properties
Aging properties
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772443325000364
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